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Table 4 Cox proportional hazards models of the associations between categories of beverage intake and all-cause mortality

From: The associations of sugar-sweetened, artificially sweetened and naturally sweet juices with all-cause mortality in 198,285 UK Biobank participants: a prospective cohort study

Sugar-sweetened beverages

Model

Number

Deaths, no.

0/day,n= 133,258,HR (95% CI)

1/day,n= 51,842,HR (95% CI)

> 1–2/day,n= 9415,HR (95% CI)

> 2/day,n= 3770,HR (95% CI)

pvalue for trend

Deaths, no.

  

2074

834

160

98

 

 0

198,283

3166

1 (Ref)

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

1.10 (0.94–1.30)

1.71 (1.40–2.09)

< 0.001

 1

197,590

3150

1 (Ref)

1.07 (0.98–1.16)

1.28 (1.09–1.51)

2.13 (1.74–2.62)

< 0.001

 2

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

1.06 (0.97–1.17)

1.35 (1.12–1.62)

1.86 (1.44–2.40)

< 0.001

 3

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

1.06 (0.97–1.17)

1.35 (1.12–1.63)

1.87 (1.45–2.42)

< 0.001

 4

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

1.06 (0.96–1.16)

1.33 (1.10–1.60)

1.84 (1.42–2.37)

< 0.001

Artificially sweetened beverages

 

Model

Number

Deaths, no.

0/day,n= 157,494,HR (95% CI)

1/day,n= 27,079,HR (95% CI)

> 1–2/day,n= 8680,HR (95% CI)

> 2/day,n= 5032,HR (95% CI)

pvalue for trend

Deaths, no.

  

2550

377

144

95

 

 0

198,283

3166

1 (Ref)

0.84 (0.75–0.93)

1.06 (0.90–1.26)

1.24 (1.01–1.52)

0.743

 1

197,590

3150

1 (Ref)

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

1.35 (1.14–1.60)

1.73 (1.41–2.12)

< 0.001

 2

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

1.13 (0.91–1.39)

1.44 (1.12–1.84)

0.063

 3

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

1.13 (0.91–1.39)

1.44 (1.12–1.84)

0.058

 4

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.92 (0.81–1.05)

1.13 (0.91–1.39)

1.44 (1.12–1.84)

0.062

Fruit or vegetable juice

 

Model

Number

Deaths, no.

0/day,n= 94,568,HR (95% CI)

1/day,n= 89,206,HR (95% CI)

> 1–2/day,n= 12,492,HR (95% CI)

> 2/day,n= 2019,HR (95% CI)

pvalue for trend

Deaths, no.

  

1598

1362

181

25

 

 0

198,283

3166

1 (Ref)

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

0.84 (0.72–0.98)

0.73 (0.49–1.08)

> 0.001

 1

197,590

3150

1 (Ref)

0.82 (0.77–0.89)

0.80 (0.67–0.94)

0.76 (0.49–1.08)

> 0.001

 2

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.89 (0.74–1.06)

0.64 (0.39–1.05)

0.008

 3

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.89 (0.82–0.97)

0.84 (0.70–1.01)

0.58 (0.35–0.96)

0.001

 4

161,415

2311

1 (Ref)

0.89 (0.81–0.97)

0.83 (0.69–1.00)

0.57 (0.34–0.93)

0.001

  1. Model 0: unadjusted
  2. Model 1: adjusted for sex, age and ethnicity
  3. Model 2: model 1 also adjusted for income, highest qualification, physical activity, sedentary behaviour, total energy intake, body mass index, smoking status and alcohol intake
  4. Model 3: model 2 also adjusted for total sugar intake and total fat intake (total sugar intake was not included in the analysis of sugar-sweetened beverages)
  5. Model 4: model 3 also adjusted for fresh fruit intake, vegetable intake, total fibre intake, red meat intake and processed meat intake
  6. N number, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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