Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|
Systematic review | |
 Written in English | Reported an intervention to reduce low-value care that solely targeted clinicians |
 Described an intervention that engaged patients in their aim to reduce the use of low-value care* | Low-value practice of interest was not a medical test or treatment (e.g., bed rest, use of physical restraints) |
 Used experimental (e.g., randomized clinical trial) or quasi-experimental (e.g., controlled before-and-after study) study designs |  |
 Reported the use of low-value care with or without the intervention |  |
Meta-analysis | Â |
 Measured the use of low-value care as the proportion of patients that received the low-value practice with and without exposure to the de-implementation intervention |  |