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Table 2 Associations of lung function with habitual physical activity and PM2.5 exposure in Taiwanese adults

From: Does fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect the benefits of habitual physical activity on lung function in adults: a longitudinal cohort study

 

Crude modela

Adjusted model 1a

Adjusted model 2a

PM2.5 and PA togetherb

PM2.5*PA

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

FVC

        

− 0.13 (− 0.16, − 0.09)c

< 0.001c

 Low PA

− 0.33 (− 0.42, − 0.24)

< 0.001

0.32 (0.23, 0.40)

< 0.001

0.28 (0.19, 0.36)

< 0.001

0.04 (− 0.05, 0.12)

0.370

0.10 (− 0.01, 0.22)

0.075

 Moderate PA

0.00 (− 0.10, 0.10)

0.974

0.70 (0.60, 0.79)

< 0.001

0.55 (0.46, 0.65)

< 0.001

0.43 (0.34, 0.52)

< 0.001

− 0.12 (− 0.24, 0.01)

0.063

 High PA

1.22 (1.11, 1.33)

< 0.001

1.19 (1.08, 1.29)

< 0.001

1.30 (1.19, 1.41)

< 0.001

0.88 (0.77, 0.99)

< 0.001

− 0.23 (− 0.37, − 0.09)

0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.39 (0.36, 0.41)

< 0.001

0.22 (0.19, 0.24)

< 0.001

0.26 (0.23, 0.28)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.17, 0.22)

< 0.001

PM2.5

 2nd quartile

− 1.78 (− 1.88, − 1.68)

< 0.001

− 1.41 (− 1.50, − 1.32)

< 0.001

− 1.37 (− 1.46, − 1.27)

< 0.001

− 1.22 (− 1.32, − 1.13)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 2.79 (− 2.91, − 2.67)

< 0.001

− 2.19 (− 2.30, − 2.07)

< 0.001

− 2.25 (− 2.36, − 2.14)

< 0.001

− 1.94 (− 2.05, − 1.82)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 4.98 (− 5.16, − 4.80)

< 0.001

− 4.43 (− 4.58, − 4.28)

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

− 3.92 (− 4.07, − 3.77)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 3.11 (− 3.21, − 3.02)

< 0.001

− 2.17 (− 2.24, − 2.09)

< 0.001

− 2.59 (− 2.67, − 2.52)

< 0.001

− 2.43 (− 2.51, − 2.36)

< 0.001

FEV1

        

− 0.21 (− 0.25, − 0.18) c

< 0.001c

 Low PA

− 0.43 (− 0.52, − 0.34)

< 0.001

0.05 (0.04, 0.06)

< 0.001

− 0.09 (− 0.18, 0.01)

0.078

− 0.09 (− 0.09, − 0.08)

< 0.001

− 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.12)

0.879

 Moderate PA

0.06 (− 0.03, 0.16)

0.206

0.42 (0.41, 0.43)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.38, 0.59)

< 0.001

0.32 (0.31, 0.33)

< 0.001

− 0.15 (− 0.29, − 0.01)

0.030

 High PA

1.57 (1.46, 1.68)

< 0.001

1.21 (1.20, 1.22)

< 0.001

1.11 (0.99, 1.24)

< 0.001

1.16 (1.15, 1.17)

< 0.001

− 0.43 (− 0.58, − 0.27)

< 0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.49 (0.47, 0.52)

< 0.001

0.28 (0.25, 0.30)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.22, 0.24)

< 0.001

0.16 (0.15, 0.16)

< 0.001

PM2.5

 2nd quartile

− 2.59 (− 2.69, − 2.50)

< 0.001

− 2.02 (− 2.03, − 2.01)

< 0.001

− 1.66 (− 1.76, − 1.55)

< 0.001

− 1.89 (− 1.89, − 1.88)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 3.96 (− 4.08, − 3.84)

< 0.001

− 3.17 (− 3.18, − 3.17)

< 0.001

− 2.47 (− 2.59, − 2.35)

< 0.001

− 2.61 (− 2.62, − 2.60)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 6.29 (− 6.47, − 6.11)

< 0.001

− 5.70 (− 5.71, − 5.69)

< 0.001

− 4.92 (− 5.06, − 4.78)

< 0.001

− 4.92 (− 4.93, − 4.91)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 4.00 (− 4.09, − 3.90)

< 0.001

− 2.67 (− 2.68, − 2.66)

< 0.001

− 2.90 (− 2.91, − 2.89)

< 0.001

− 2.78 (− 2.79, − 2.77)

< 0.001

MMEF

        

− 0.47 (− 0.52, − 0.41) c

< 0.001c

 Low PA

− 0.51 (− 0.65, − 0.37)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.06, 0.34)

0.004

− 0.23 (− 0.36, − 0.09)

0.001

0.19 (0.05, 0.33)

0.006

0.45 (0.26, 0.63)

< 0.001

 Moderate PA

− 0.01 (− 0.17, 0.14)

0.889

0.29 (0.14, 0.44)

< 0.001

0.12 (− 0.03, 0.27)

0.106

0.33 (0.19, 0.48)

< 0.001

− 0.07 (− 0.27, 0.13)

0.488

 High PA

2.36 (2.18, 2.54)

< 0.001

1.13 (0.96, 1.31)

< 0.001

1.14 (0.97, 1.32)

< 0.001

1.00 (0.83, 1.18)

< 0.001

− 1.47 (− 1.69, − 1.24)

< 0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.77 (0.73, 0.81)

< 0.001

0.19 (0.15, 0.23)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.19, 0.27)

< 0.001

0.19 (0.15, 0.23)

< 0.001

PM2.5

 2nd quartile

− 4.38 (− 4.53, − 4.22)

< 0.001

− 3.53 (− 3.68, − 3.39)

< 0.001

− 3.67 (− 3.82, − 3.53)

< 0.001

− 3.28 (− 3.42, − 3.13)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 6.76 (− 6.94, − 6.58)

< 0.001

− 5.47 (− 5.64, − 5.30)

< 0.001

− 5.46 (− 5.63, − 5.29)

< 0.001

− 4.96 (− 5.13, − 4.78)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 9.12 (− 9.36, − 8.87)

< 0.001

− 6.80 (− 7.02, − 6.58)

< 0.001

− 6.62 (− 6.85, − 6.40)

< 0.001

− 6.63 (− 6.85, − 6.41)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 5.24 (− 5.37, − 5.11)

< 0.001

− 3.18 (− 3.30, − 3.07)

< 0.001

− 3.25 (− 3.37, − 3.14)

< 0.001

− 3.10 (− 3.22, − 2.99)

< 0.001

  1. Lung function was logarithmically transformed to normalise the data for analysis, and then the original scale was transformed back to present the effects as percentage (%) difference in lung function parameters with 95% confidence interval. The effects were presented as % difference in lung function with 95% confidence level
  2. Participants who were in inactive PA category or in the 1st quartile of PM2.5 comprised the reference group
  3. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile of PM2.5 was < 21.67, 21.67–24.14, 24.14–28.81, and ≥ 28.81 μg/m3, respectively
  4. PA physical activity, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, MMEF maximum mid-expiratory flow
  5. aCrude model: no adjustment; model 1: adjusted for age, sex, educational level, body mass index, season, and calendar year; adjusted model 2: further adjusted for physical labour at work, smoking, drinking, vegetable intake, fruit intake, occupational exposure, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, self-reported cardiovascular disease, and self-reported cancer
  6. bBoth PM2.5 and PA were introduced into fully adjusted models together to adjust for each other
  7. cP value and % difference in lung function for the overall interaction term of “PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) and PA categories (inactive PA, low PA, moderate PA, or high PA)”