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Table 3 Results of stratified analyses by habitual physical activity and PM2.5 quartiles in Taiwanese adults

From: Does fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect the benefits of habitual physical activity on lung function in adults: a longitudinal cohort study

Stratified by PM2.5

1st quartile

2nd quartile

3rd quartile

4th quartile

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

FVC

 Low PA

0.14 (− 0.08, 0.35)

0.209

0.09 (− 0.09, 0.26)

0.326

0.17 (0.01, 0.33)

0.036

− 0.20 (− 0.35, − 0.05)

0.009

 Moderate PA

0.49 (0.26, 0.72)

< 0.001

0.43 (0.23, 0.62)

< 0.001

0.45 (0.27, 0.63)

< 0.001

0.14 (− 0.02, 0.31)

0.088

 High PA

0.82 (0.57, 1.07)

< 0.001

1.23 (1.01, 1.46)

< 0.001

0.87 (0.65, 1.09)

< 0.001

0.57 (0.37, 0.76)

< 0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.14 (0.08, 0.19)

< 0.001

0.23 (0.17, 0.28)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.15, 0.25)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.15, 0.24)

< 0.001

FEV1

 Low PA

0.03 (− 0.16, 0.22)

0.766

0.23 (0.06, 0.40)

0.010

−0.14 (− 0.29, 0.02)

0.078

− 0.06 (− 0.22, 0.09)

0.416

 Moderate PA

0.43 (0.22, 0.63)

< 0.001

0.33 (0.14, 0.52)

0.001

0.13 (−0.04, 0.31)

0.136

0.44 (0.27, 0.60)

< 0.001

 High PA

0.93 (0.70, 1.16)

< 0.001

1.13 (0.90, 1.35)

< 0.001

0.51 (0.30, 0.72)

< 0.001

1.10 (0.90, 1.30)

< 0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.22 (0.17, 0.27)

< 0.001

0.18 (0.13, 0.23)

< 0.001

0.14 (0.09, 0.19)

< 0.001

0.20 (0.19, 0.22)

< 0.001

MMEF

 Low PA

− 0.49 (− 0.78, − 0.2)

0.001

0.26 (− 0.01, 0.54)

0.061

0.13 (−0.13, 0.39)

0.320

−0.07 (− 0.33, 0.19)

0.581

 Moderate PA

0.20 (− 0.11, 0.52)

0.202

0.08 (− 0.22, 0.39)

0.594

0.29 (0.00, 0.58)

0.048

0.21 (−0.07, 0.50)

0.140

 High PA

1.04 (0.70, 1.40)

< 0.001

1.00 (0.65, 1.36)

< 0.001

0.33 (−0.01, 0.68)

0.060

0.76 (0.43, 1.09)

< 0.001

 Per 10 MET-h

0.31 (0.23, 0.39)

< 0.001

0.22 (0.14, 0.30)

< 0.001

0.10 (0.01, 0.18)

0.021

0.13 (0.05, 0.20)

0.001

Stratified by PA

Inactive PA

Low PA

Moderate PA

High PA

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

% difference

P

FVC

 2nd quartile

− 1.59 (− 1.73, − 1.45)

< 0.001

− 0.86 (− 1.06, − 0.65)

< 0.001

− 1.28 (− 1.50, − 1.06)

< 0.001

− 1.13 (− 1.16, − 1.11)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 2.32 (− 2.48, − 2.15)

< 0.001

− 1.20 (− 1.44, − 0.96)

< 0.001

− 1.84 (− 2.10, − 1.58)

< 0.001

− 2.62 (− 2.64, − 2.60)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 4.96 (− 5.17, − 4.75)

< 0.001

− 4.14 (− 4.44, − 3.84)

< 0.001

− 4.40 (− 4.72, − 4.07)

< 0.001

− 4.55 (− 4.57, − 4.52)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 2.20 (− 2.31, − 2.09)

< 0.001

− 1.97 (− 2.12, − 1.82)

< 0.001

−2.48 (− 2.50, − 2.47)

< 0.001

− 3.07 (− 3.26, − 2.87)

< 0.001

FEV1

 2nd quartile

− 1.81 (− 1.96, − 1.67)

< 0.001

− 1.16 (− 1.36, − 0.95)

< 0.001

− 1.82 (− 2.04, − 1.59)

< 0.001

− 2.52 (− 2.77, − 2.27)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 2.63 (− 2.80, − 2.46)

< 0.001

− 1.90 (− 2.14, − 1.67)

< 0.001

−2.75 (− 3.01, − 2.49)

< 0.001

− 3.78 (− 4.08, − 3.48)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 5.05 (− 5.27, − 4.83)

< 0.001

− 4.60 (− 4.91, − 4.29)

< 0.001

− 5.38 (− 5.71, − 5.05)

< 0.001

− 6.18 (− 6.57, − 5.80)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 2.68 (− 2.80, − 2.57)

< 0.001

− 2.31 (− 2.47, − 2.16)

< 0.001

−2.87 (− 3.04, − 2.70)

< 0.001

− 3.36 (− 3.57, − 3.16)

< 0.001

MMEF

 2nd quartile

− 3.16 (− 3.38, − 2.94)

< 0.001

− 2.13 (− 2.45, − 1.80)

< 0.001

− 2.88 (− 3.23, − 2.54)

< 0.001

− 3.92 (− 4.31, − 3.54)

< 0.001

 3rd quartile

− 4.65 (− 4.90, − 4.40)

< 0.001

− 3.45 (− 3.82, − 3.08)

< 0.001

− 5.02 (− 5.42, − 4.62)

< 0.001

− 6.24 (− 6.69, − 5.78)

< 0.001

 4th quartile

− 6.34 (− 6.65, − 6.02)

< 0.001

− 4.68 (− 5.14, − 4.22)

< 0.001

− 6.41 (− 6.90, − 5.91)

< 0.001

− 7.91 (− 8.46, − 7.35)

< 0.001

 Per 10 μg/m3

− 3.30 (− 3.46, − 3.13)

< 0.001

− 2.56 (− 2.79, − 2.33)

< 0.001

− 3.03 (− 3.28, − 2.78)

< 0.001

− 3.81 (− 4.11, − 3.51)

< 0.001

  1. Lung function was logarithmically transformed to normalise the data for analysis and then the original scale was transformed back to present the effects as percentage (%) difference in lung function parameters with 95% confidence interval for every 10 MET-h increase in PA or with inactive PA as the reference and for each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 or with the first quartile of the PM2.5 as the reference
  2. All results were fully adjusted for age, sex, educational level, body mass index, season, year, physical labour at work, smoking, drinking, vegetable intake, fruit intake, occupational exposure to dust and organic solvent, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, self-reported cardiovascular disease, and self-reported cancer
  3. The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile of PM2.5 was < 21.67, 21.67–24.14, 24.14–28.81, and ≥ 28.81 μg/m3, respectively
  4. PA physical activity, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, MMEF maximum mid-expiratory flow