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Table 4 Effects of habitual physical activity on lung function in Taiwanese adults in the lowest and highest 10% of PM2.5 exposure

From: Does fine particulate matter (PM2.5) affect the benefits of habitual physical activity on lung function in adults: a longitudinal cohort study

Leisure time physical activity

N = 56,740

Low PM2.5 (≤ 10th %)a

N = 56,757

High PM2.5 (≥ 90th %)a

% difference

P

% difference

P

FVC

 Low PA

10,324

0.21 (− 0.10, 0.52)

0.192

12,022

0.26 (− 0.02, 0.54)

0.072

 Moderate PA

10,946

0.50 (0.17, 0.83)

0.003

11,470

0.41 (0.09, 0.72)

0.010

High PAb

 1st quartile (16.5–22.8)

2777

1.27 (0.72, 1.81)

< 0.001

1940

0.76 (0.13, 1.40)

0.018

 2nd quartile (22.8–24.8)

1343

0.84 (0.14, 1.56)

0.019

1433

1.06 (0.41, 1.71)

0.001

 3rd quartile (24.8–35.8)

3062

1.12 (0.60, 1.64)

< 0.001

2802

0.58 (0.06, 1.10)

0.030

 4th quartile (≥ 35.8)

3105

1.82 (1.29, 2.36)

< 0.001

2028

0.92 (0.33, 1.52)

0.002

 Per 10 MET-h

–

0.27 (0.20, 0.35)

< 0.001

–

0.22 (0.14, 0.29)

< 0.001

FEV1

 Low PA

10,324

0.20 (− 0.11, 0.51)

0.209

12,022

0.05 (− 0.18, 0.29)

0.657

 Moderate PA

10,946

0.60 (0.26, 0.93)

< 0.001

11,470

0.48 (0.22, 0.75)

< 0.001

High PAb

 1st quartile (16.5–22.8)

2777

1.38 (0.83, 1.94)

< 0.001

1940

1.35 (0.82, 1.88)

< 0.001

 2nd quartile (22.8–24.8)

1343

0.72 (0.01, 1.44)

0.048

1433

0.95 (0.41, 1.49)

0.001

 3rd quartile (24.8–35.8)

3062

1.54 (1.01, 2.07)

< 0.001

2802

1.11 (0.67, 1.55)

< 0.001

 4th quartile (≥ 35.8)

3105

1.59 (1.05, 2.14)

< 0.001

2028

1.06 (0.56, 1.57)

< 0.001

 10 MET-h

–

0.29 (0.21, 0.37)

< 0.001

–

0.21 (0.13, 0.29)

< 0.001

MMEF

 Low PA

10,324

− 0.06 (−0.54, 0.42)

0.801

12,022

0.17 (− 0.22, 0.56)

0.392

 Moderate PA

10,946

0.49 (− 0.02, 1.00)

0.059

11,470

0.53 (0.09, 0.97)

0.019

High PAb

 1st quartile (16.5–22.8)

2777

2.06 (1.21, 2.91)

< 0.001

1940

1.69 (0.81, 2.57)

< 0.001

 2nd quartile (22.8–24.8)

1343

1.50 (0.39, 2.62)

0.008

1433

0.60 (− 0.29, 1.49)

0.189

 3rd quartile (24.8–35.8)

3062

1.91 (1.10, 2.72)

< 0.001

2802

0.44 (− 0.29, 1.17)

0.243

 4th quartile (≥ 35.8)

3105

1.37 (0.54, 2.20)

0.001

2028

0.52 (− 0.31, 1.36)

0.221

 10 MET-h

–

0.42 (0.30, 0.54)

< 0.001

–

0.10 (− 0.03, 0.23)

0.125

  1. Lung function was logarithmically transformed to normalise the data for analysis, and then the original scale was transformed back to present the effects as percentage (%) difference in lung function parameters with 95% confidence interval
  2. Participants with inactive PA category was the reference group
  3. The results were fully adjusted for age, sex, educational level, body mass index, season, year, smoking, drinking, vegetable intake, fruit intake, occupational exposure to dust and organic solvent, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, self-reported cardiovascular disease, and self-reported cancer
  4. PA physical activity, FVC forced vital capacity, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and MMEF maximum mid-expiratory flow
  5. aThe 10th and 90th PM2.5 refers to ≤ 19.6 and ≥ 39.9 μg/m3, respectively
  6. bHigh PA was further categorised into four quartiles according to the MET-h to show the effects of very high PA levels