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Table 1 Data source and description for the explanatory variables

From: Spatial heterogeneity and socioeconomic determinants of opioid prescribing in England between 2015 and 2018

Variable

Type

Source

Description

Demography

   

16–59 years

%

Census

Percentage of people between 16 and 59 years

60+ years

%

Census

Percentage of people with more than 60 years

Whites

%

Census

Percentage of people of white ethnicity

Asians

%

Census

Percentage of people of Asian ethnicity

Blacks

%

Census

Percentage of people of black ethnicity

Females

%

Census

Percentage of females

Economy

   

Income

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to low income

Employment

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to exclusion from work (unemployment, sickness, disability)

Housing

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to homelessness, house affordability, and overcrowding

Indoor env.

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to Decent Homes Standard

Culture

   

Christians

%

Census

Percentage of Christian people

Not Christians

%

Census

Percentage of people with religions other than Christianism

Atheists

%

Census

Percentage of people without religion

Young education

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to education of children and young people

Adult education

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to education of adults

No qualifications

%

Census

Percentage of people with no education degree ∗

Level 1

%

Census

Percentage of people with level 1 education degree (as highest certification) ∗

Level 2

%

Census

Percentage of people with level 2 education degree (as highest certification) ∗

Apprenticeship

%

Census

Percentage of people with an apprenticeship (as highest certification) ∗

Level 3

%

Census

Percentage of people with level 3 education degree (as highest certification) ∗

Level 4+

%

Census

Percentage of people with level 4 or higher education degree (as highest certification) ∗

Environment

   

Crime

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to violence, burglary, thefts, and criminal damages

Service accessibility

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to physical proximity of local services

Outdoor env.

IMD

Government

Score of deprivation relating to air quality and traffic accidents

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