Fig. 1From: The impact of maternal and early life malnutrition on health: a diet-microbe perspectiveThe perinatal period represents a time in development when exogenous factors that affect the microbiome such as antibiotics, diet, hygiene, pathogens, mode of birth, and pollutants can alter immune and physiological programming. The effects of early-life programming may lead to increased disease susceptibility later in life. Created with BioRender.comBack to article page