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Table 4 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression on the risk of small for gestational age

From: Pregnancy outcomes and risk of placental malaria after artemisinin-based and quinine-based treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in pregnancy: a WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis

Baseline characteristic

Proportion (%)

Univariable

Multivariable (complete case)

Multivariable (MI)

OR (95% CI)

p value

aOR (95% CI)

p value

aOR (95% CI)

p value

Treatment

 AL

241/973 (25%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 AAP

25/55 (45%)

1.99 (0.89–4.45)

0.09

0.69 (0.18–2.63)

0.58

1.85 (0.72–4.75)

0.20

 AS

56/154 (36%)

1.38 (0.83–2.29)

0.22

1.30 (0.73–2.30)

0.38

1.26 (0.74–2.16)

0.40

 ASAQ

164/700 (23%)

1.02 (0.79–1.32)

0.85

0.97 (0.71–1.32)

0.85

1.05 (0.80–1.37)

0.73

 ASMQ

257/820 (31%)

0.99 (0.78–1.26)

0.96

1.01 (0.76–1.34)

0.95

1.00 (0.78–1.28)

0.99

 ASSP

66/129 (51%)

1.44 (0.85–2.44)

0.17

1.74 (0.94–3.20)

0.08

1.37 (0.79–2.36)

0.27

 DP

163/716 (23%)

0.86 (0.67–1.12)

0.26

0.91 (0.68–1.21)

0.51

0.87 (0.67–1.14)

0.31

 Q

20/119 (17%)

0.56 (0.31–1.04)

0.07

0.22 (0.05–0.92)

0.04

0.69 (0.32–1.52)

0.36

 QC

15/41 (37%)

1.28 (0.51–3.18)

0.60

No data

 

1.11 (0.37–3.35)

0.86

EGA at malaria episode

 4.0–13.9

10/31 (32%)

0.70 (0.31–1.59)

0.39

0.74 (0.30–1.83)

0.51

0.62 (0.27–1.45)

0.27

 14.0–19.9

227/765 (30%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 20.0–23.9

246/914 (27%)

0.81 (0.65–1.01)

0.06

0.82 (0.63–1.06)

0.14

0.80 (0.63–1.00)

0.05

 24.0–27.9

219/820 (27%)

0.74 (0.59–0.94)

0.01

0.83 (0.63–1.10)

0.20

0.80 (0.63–1.01)

0.07

 28.0–36.9

289/1138 (25%)

0.60 (0.48–0.75)

< 0.001

0.69 (0.53–0.90)

0.006

0.70 (0.55–0.87)

0.002

 ≥ 37.0 (weeks)

16/39 (41%)

1.13 (0.56–2.27)

0.74

0.59 (0.15–2.23)

0.43

1.36 (0.66–2.84)

0.41

Age group

 < 20

379/1202 (32%)

Reference

     

 20–25

332/1185 (28%)

0.65 (0.54–0.79)

< 0.001

    

 25–30

170/717 (24%)

0.52 (0.42–0.66)

< 0.001

    

 30–35

63/357 (18%)

0.37 (0.27–0.50)

< 0.001

    

 ≥ 35 (years)

63/246 (26%)

0.55 (0.40–0.77)

< 0.001

    

Pregnancy history

 G1

444/1316 (34%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 G2 with no loss

154/614 (25%)

0.58 (0.47–0.73)

< 0.001

0.63 (0.49–0.83)

< 0.001

0.62 (0.49–0.78)

< 0.001

 G ≥ 3 with no loss

186/1011 (18%)

0.40 (0.33–0.50)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.37–0.63)

< 0.001

0.48 (0.39–0.60)

< 0.001

 G2 with 1 loss

76/225 (34%)

0.81 (0.59–1.11)

0.19

0.75 (0.53–1.07)

0.12

0.82 (0.59–1.12)

0.21

 G ≥ 3 with 1 loss

88/387 (23%)

0.46 (0.35–0.61)

< 0.001

0.57 (0.42–0.79)

< 0.001

0.54 (0.41–0.72)

< 0.001

 G ≥ 3 with ≥ 2 losses

40/117 (34%)

0.76 (0.50–1.15)

0.19

0.79 (0.47–1.32)

0.37

0.79 (0.51–1.21)

0.27

Weight (kg)

1007/3707 (27%)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

< 0.001

    

Height (cm)

891/3347 (27%)

0.95 (0.94–0.96)

< 0.001

0.95 (0.93–0.96)

< 0.001

0.95 (0.93–0.96)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

891/3347 (27%)

0.92 (0.89–0.95)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.89–0.95)

< 0.001

HIV infection

 Yes

6/24 (25%)

0.92 (0.35–2.42)

0.87

2.45 (0.62–9.73)

0.20

1.04 (0.43–2.55)

0.92

 No

849/3105 (27%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Parasitaemia (log10/μL)

1007/3707 (27%)

1.24 (1.13–1.36)

< 0.001

1.20 (1.07–1.35)

0.002

1.14 (1.03–1.26)

0.009

Fever > 37.5 °C

 Yes

112/325 (34%)

1.14 (0.88–1.47)

0.33

    

 No

888/3352 (26%)

Reference

     

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

1003/3690 (27%)

0.90 (0.85–0.95)

< 0.001

    

Gametocytaemia

 Yes

36/133 (27%)

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.45

    

 No

953/3522 (27%)

Reference

     

Mixed infection

 Yes

14/25 (56%)

3.11 (1.36–7.12)

0.007

1.52 (0.52–4.46)

0.45

2.54 (1.07–5.99)

0.03

 No

993/3682 (27%)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Malaria transmission

 Low

277/726 (38%)

1.27 (0.80–2.01)

0.32

    

 Moderate

484/2040 (24%)

Reference

     

 High

246/941 (26%)

0.94 (0.60–1.47)

0.78

    
  1. Intraclass correlation, 0.06. AAP artesunate with atovaquone-proguanil, AL artemether-lumefantrine, aOR adjusted odds ratio, AS artesunate monotherapy, ASAQ artesunate-amodiaquine, ASMQ artesunate-mefloquine, ASSP artesunate-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, DP dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, EGA estimated gestational age, G gravidity, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, MI multiple imputation, OR odds ratio, Q quinine monotherapy, QC quinine with clindamycin
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