Table 2 Associations of bioavailable testosterone and total testosterone with CKD and kidney function in the UK Biobank using multivariable MR

Exposure

Outcome

Sex

OR

95% CI

p

 Genetically predicted bioavailable testosterone

CKD

Men

1.14

1.02, 1.28

0.025

Women

0.92

0.71, 1.19

0.52

Albuminuria

Men

1.17

1.04, 1.32

0.01

Women

0.85

0.70, 1.04

0.12

Beta

95% CI

p

eGFR_cr (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

Men

− 1.06

− 1.52, − 0.60

6.7 × 10⁻⁶

Women

− 0.71

− 1.70, 0.28

0.16

eGFR_crcys (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

Men

− 0.48

− 0.97, 0.005

0.05

Women

− 0.58

− 1.63, 0.47

0.28

 Genetically predicted total testosterone

CKD

Men

1.13

0.96, 1.32

0.13

Women

1.00

0.90, 1.11

0.96

Albuminuria

Men

1.19

1.02, 1.39

0.03

Women

0.95

0.87, 1.04

0.30

Beta

95% CI

p

eGFR_cr (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

Men

− 1.20

− 1.80, − 0.61

7.7 × 10⁻⁵

Women

− 0.31

− 0.75, 0.12

0.16

eGFR_crcys (ml/min per 1.73 m²)

Men

− 0.66

− 1.30, − 0.02

0.045

Women

− 0.12

− 0.60, 0.36

0.62