Table 1 Characteristics of preterm infants and their mothers by future childhood adiposity status at age 4 to 7 years
Characteristics | Offspring without overweight/obesity (n = 1851) | Offspring with overweight/obesity (n = 274) | p§ |
|---|---|---|---|
Boys | 1076 (58.1) | 186 (67.9) | < 0.01 |
Median (IQR) gestational weeks | 36 (35–36) | 36 (35–36) | 0.89 |
Mean (SD) fetal heart rate at the last assessment | 140.9 (6.3) | 141.4 (5.7) | 0.17 |
Cesarean delivery | 1087 (58.7) | 181 (66.1) | 0.02 |
Mean (SD) birth weight | 2.7 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | < 0.01 |
Mean (SD) birth length | 48.2 (2.4) | 48.6 (2.5) | 0.02 |
Mean (SD) Apgar score at 1 min | 8.5 (1.5) | 8.6 (1.6) | 0.37 |
Mean (SD) Apgar score at 5 min | 9.1(1.1) | 9.3 (1.0) | 0.08 |
Duration of breast-feeding | 0.06 | ||
< 1 month | 735 (39.7) | 94 (34.3) | |
1–3 months | 397 (21.4) | 78 (28.5) | |
4–5 months | 678 (36.6) | 95 (34.7) | |
> 6 months | 41 (2.2) | 7 (2.6) | |
Formula-feeding (ever) | 1773 (95.8) | 254 (92.7) | 0.02 |
Timing of solid foods introduction | 0.09 | ||
≤ 3 months | 1235 (66.7) | 180 (65.7) | |
4–6 months | 554 (29.9) | 91 (33.2) | |
> 6 months | 62 (3.3) | 3 (1.1) | |
Trajectory of BMI Z-score change during the first year of corrected age | < 0.01 | ||
Trajectory 1 | 691 (37.3) | 6 (2.2) | |
Trajectory 2 | 1131 (60.1) | 38 (13.9) | |
Trajectory 3 | 47 (2.5) | 230 (83.9) | |
Mean (SD) maternal age at pregnancy | 25.3 (4.2) | 24.9 (4.0) | 0.12 |
Mean (SD) maternal age of menarche | 14.7 (1.3) | 14.5 (1.3) | < 0.01 |
Parity (multiparous) | 357 (19.3) | 40 (14.6) | 0.06 |
Maternal education | 0.46 | ||
< High school | 1357 (73.3) | 191 (69.7) | |
High school | 325 (17.6) | 55 (20.1) | |
> High school | 169 (9.1) | 28 (10.2) | |
Maternal occupation | 0.08 | ||
Farm work/housework | 1225 (66.2) | 170 (62.0) | |
Routine job | 328 (17.7) | 44 (16.1) | |
Temporary work | 138 (7.5) | 24 (8.8) | |
Others | 160 (8.6) | 36 (13.1) | |
Median (IQR) gestational age at enrollment | 10.0 (8.3–12.3) | 10.1 (8.1–12.1) | 0.59 |
Mean (SD) maternal BMI at enrollment | 20.9 (2.8) | 22.0 (3.2) | < 0.01 |
Trajectory of BMI change during pregnancy | < 0.01 | ||
Trajectory 1 | 686 (37.1) | 70 (25.5) | |
Trajectory 2 | 1008 (54.5) | 143 (52.2) | |
Trajectory 3 | 157 (8.5) | 61 (22.3) | |
Trajectory of diastolic blood pressure change during pregnancy | 0.87 | ||
Trajectory 1 | 805 (43.5) | 115 (42.0) | |
Trajectory 2 | 956 (51.6) | 141 (51.5) | |
Trajectory 3 | 90 (4.9) | 18 (6.6) | |
Trajectory of systolic blood pressure change during pregnancy | 0.16 | ||
Trajectory 1 | 871 (47.1) | 115 (42.0) | |
Trajectory 2 | 895 (48.4) | 141 (51.5) | |
Trajectory 3 | 85 (4.6) | 18 (6.6) | |
Mean (SD) maternal hemoglobin concentration at enrollment | 120.3 (28.6) | 121.2 (14.7) | 0.61 |
Trajectory of hemoglobin concentration change during pregnancy | 0.79 | ||
Trajectory 1 | 304 (16.4) | 47 (17.2) | |
Trajectory 2 | 1449 (78.3) | 215 (78.5) | |
Trajectory 3 | 98 (5.3) | 12 (4.4) | |