Table 1 Selected characteristics of ED validation cohort
Characteristic | Proven bacterial infection | Proven viral infection | Empirical Abx (no positive micro) | Self-limiting illness (no positive micro) | Others | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Subset with RNA | Total | Subset with RNA | Total | Subset with RNA | Total | Subset with RNA | Total | Subset with RNA | ||
Total number | 102 | 68 | 16 | 14 | 176 | 93 | 32 | 25 | 6 | 0 | |
Age (median, range) | 54 (19–99) | 51 (19–90) | 45 (20–91) | 44 (20–91) | 52 (18–95) | 46 (18–91) | 46 (17–89) | 37 (17–89) | 41 (22–61) | n/a | |
Gender (% males) | 52.6 | 51.5 | 42.9 | 35.7 | 52.8 | 48.4 | 51.9 | 48 | 66.7 | n/a | |
Ethnicity (%) | White | 72.2 | 64.7 | 50 | 50 | 66.9 | 62.4 | 55.6 | 40 | 16.7 | n/a |
Asian | 10.3 | 11.7 | 21.4 | 21.4 | 16.6 | 19.3 | 22.2 | 24 | 33.3 | n/a | |
African | 7.2 | 5.8 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 14.8 | 12 | 33.3 | n/a | |
Others | 10.3 | 17.6 | 0 | 0 | 10.4 | 13.9 | 7.4 | 24 | 16.7 | n/a | |
Duration of illness (%) | < 2 days | 25.0 | 27.9 | 18.8 | 14.2 | 26.3 | 30.1 | 22.6 | 24 | 16.7 | n/a |
2–7 days | 36.5 | 30.9 | 37.5 | 35.7 | 41.1 | 37.6 | 38.7 | 44 | 66.7 | n/a | |
7–14 days | 7.7 | 5.9 | 18.8 | 0 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 4 | 0.0 | n/a | |
> 14 days | 2.9 | 1.5 | 12.5 | 35.7 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 6.5 | 4 | 0.0 | n/a | |
Unknown | 27.9 | 33.9 | 12.5 | 14.2 | 19.4 | 21.5 | 22.6 | 24 | 16.7 | n/a | |
SIRS score (%) | 0 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 6.3 | 7.1 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 18.8 | 8.0 | 33.3 | n/a |
1 | 18.6 | 23.5 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 21.0 | 19.4 | 21.9 | 24.0 | 16.7 | n/a | |
2 | 38.2 | 33.8 | 68.8 | 64.3 | 38.1 | 39.8 | 43.8 | 52.0 | 16.7 | n/a | |
3 | 35.3 | 33.8 | 12.5 | 14.3 | 31.3 | 29.0 | 9.4 | 12.0 | 33.3 | n/a | |
4 | 5.9 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 6.3 | 4.0 | 0.0 | n/a | |
Temperature (°C, range) | 38.7 (37.5–40.6) | 38.7 (37.5–40.6) | 38.8 (37.7–40.1) | 38.5 (37.7–40.1) | 38.5 (37.5–40.9) | 38.4 (37.5–40.9) | 38.2 (37.5–39.4) | 38.1 (37.5–39.4) | 39.0 (37.9–40.4) | n/a | |
Systolic blood pressure mmHg (median, range) | 130 (33–197) | 125 (33–177) | 122 (99–158) | 115 (99–158) | 130 (76–216) | 130 (83–216) | 127 (99–176) | 128 (108–176) | 123 (99–176) | n/a | |
Heart rate, beats/minute (median, range) | 108 (63–170) | 104 (70–149) | 113 (80–150) | 103 (80–147) | 110 (55–173) | 110 (68–173) | 104 (54–148) | 106 (69–148) | 113 (90–137) | n/a | |
Respiratory rate, breaths/minute (median, range) | 21 (14–54) | 18 (14–40) | 19 (14–24) | 20 (14–24) | 18 (13–48) | 18 (14–48) | 18 (14–40) | 18 (15–14) | 19 (16–20) | n/a | |
White cell count × 109/mL (median, range) | 12.8 (3.3–27.1) | 13.3 (3.3–27.1) | 8.0 (3.7–15.0) | 7.8 (3.7–15.0) | 12.0 (0.6–29.6) | 12.0 (3.7–29.6) | 10.1 (0.8–17.9) | 10.5 (0.8–17.6) | 8.1 (5.9–18.6) | n/a | |
Neutrophils (%) | 83.4 | 80.8 | 76 | 75.6 | 83 | 81.9 | 77.7 | 78.1 | 79.1 | n/a | |
CRP mg/L (median, range) | 82.6 (3.9–476) | 77.5 (3.9–375.6) | 24.9 (3.9–146.7) | 24.9 (3.9–146.7) | 76.1 (0.7–512.6) | 79.8 (0.7–290.2) | 31.2 (0.6–282.5) | 31.2 (0.6–282.5) | 104.4 (9.9–233) | n/a | |
Antibacterial treatment (%) | 100 | 100 | 56 | 64 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 33 | n/a | |
Hospital length of stay (median no. of days, range) | 6 (1–> 30) | 6 (1–> 30) | 3 (1–> 30) | 3 (1–> 30) | 4 (0–> 30) | 4 (1–> 30) | 2 (1–> 30) | 2 (1–> 30) | 3 (1–4) | n/a | |