Table 2 Prevalence of smokeless tobacco use (%) in different countries of the world according to WHO sub-regional classification

Africa (region D)

Algeria*

10

0.8

Algeria Adult Tobacco Survey [25]

2010

Benin*

9

3

STEPS [26]

2015

Burkina Faso*

5.6

11.6

STEPS [26]

2013

Cameroon*

2.2

3.8

GATS [27]

2013

Cape Verde

3.5

5.8

STEPS [26]

2007*

Chad

1.9

0.4

STEPS [26]

2008

Comoros

7.72

2.99

DHS [28]

2012

Gabon

0.48

0.34

DHS [28]

2012

Gambia

0.8

1.4

STEPS [26]

2010 *

Ghana

1.33

0.2

DHS [28]

2008

Guinea

1.4

1.5

STEPS [26]

2009

Liberia*

1.1

3.1

STEPS [26]

2011

Madagascar

24.66

19.6

DHS [28]

2009

Mali

5

1.2

STEPS [26]

2007

Mauritania

5.7

28.3

STEPS [26]

2006

Niger

4.55

2.3

DHS [29]

2012

Nigeria*

2.9

0.9

GATS [27]

2012

Sao Tome & Principe

3.8

1.9

STEPS [26]

2009

Senegal*

0.3

1

GATS [27]

2015

Seychelles**

0.3

0.4

The Seychelles Heart Study IV [25]

2013–14

Sierra Leone

2.9

12.1

STEPS [26]

2009

Togo

5.1

2.2

STEPS [26]

2010

Africa (region E)

*Botswana*

1.5

6.5

STEPS [26]

2014

*Burundi

0.03

0.31

DHS [28]

2011

Congo (Brazzaville)

8.3

1.54

DHS [28]

2012

Congo (Republic)

8.67

3.22

DHS [28]

2013

Côte d’Ivoire

0.61

1.27

DHS [28]

2012

Eritrea*

11.6

0.1

STEPS [26]

2011

Ethiopia*

2.6

0.8

GATS [27]

2016

Kenya*

5.3

3.8

GATS [27]

2014

*Lesotho

1.3

9.1

DHS [29]

2009

*Malawi

1.9

5

STEPS [26]

2009

Mozambique

10.94

0.82

DHS [28]

2011

Namibia

1.8

2.3

DHS [29]

2006–07

Rwanda*

0.6

3.3

STEPS [26]

2012

*South Africa*

1.4

8.4

South African Social Attitude Survey [25]

2007

Swaziland*

2.7

1.8

STEPS [26]

2014 *

*Tanzania

2.03

0.83

DHS [28]

2010

Uganda*

1.7

3

GATS [27]

2013

Zambia*

2.2

6.8

STEPS [26]

2017

Zimbabwe

1.6

0.4

DHS [30]

2011

Americas (region A)

*Canada*

0.8

–

CTADS [31]

2015*

USA

6.5

0.4

ICS [30]

2010

Americas (region B)

Argentina

0.1

0.2

GATS [27]

2012

Barbados

0

0.6

STEPS [26]

2007*

*Brazil

0.6

0.3

GATS [27]

2008

Costa Rica**

0.1

0

GATS [27]

2015

Dominican Republic

1.9

0.3

DHS [29]

2007*

Grenada

2.2

0.3

STEPS [26]

2011

Mexico*

0.4

0

GATS [27]

2015

Panama**

1

0.5

GATS [27]

2013

Paraguay

3

1.6

STEPS [25]

2011

St Kitts & Nevis^a

0.3

0.1

STEPS [26]

2007

St Lucia**

1.3

0.2

STEPS [26]

2012*

Trinidad & Tobago

0.5

0.3

STEPS [26]

2011

*Uruguay**

0.3

–

GATS [27]

2009

Venezuela

6.2

0.9

National Survey of Drugs in the General Population [25]

2011

Americas (region D)

Haiti

–

2.5

DHS [29]

2005–06*

Eastern Mediterranean (region B)

Kuwait**

0.5

0

STEPS [26]

2014

Libya

2.2

0.1

STEPS [26]

2009

Qatar**

1.3

0

GATS [27]

2013

Saudi Arabia*

1.5

0.3

Saudi Health Information Survey [25]

2014

Tunisia

8.6

2.2

ICS [30]

2005–06

Eastern Mediterranean (region D)

Egypt*

0.4

0

STEPS [26]

2017

Iraq*

0.4

0.02

STEPS [26]

2015

Morocco**

4.4

–

STEPS [26]

2017

Pakistan*

11.4

3.7

GATS [27]

2014

Sudan*

14.3

0.2

STEPS [26]

2016

Yemen

13.7

4.8

National Health and Demographic Survey [25]

2013

Europe (region A)

Austria*

2.8

0.5

Representative Survey on Substance Abuse [32]

2015

Belgium

1.1

0.6

SEBS [33]

2012

Cyprus

2.1

0.4

SEBS [33]

2012

Czech Republic*

2.2

1.2

The use of tobacco in the Czech Republic [25]

2015

Denmark*

2.3

0.9

Monitoring Smoking Habits in the Danish Population [25]

2015

Finland*

5.6

0.4

Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population [25]

2014

France

1.2

0.6

SEBS [33]

2012

Germany

3.4

3.4

SEBS [33]

2012

Iceland*

13

3

May–December Household Surveys done by Gallup [25]

2015

Ireland

2.2

0.9

SEBS [33]

2012

Italy

1.8

1.5

SEBS [33]

2012

Luxembourg

1.8

1

SEBS [33]

2012

Malta

5.5

1.5

SEBS [33]

2012

Netherlands

0.3

0.1

The Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits [25]

2011

Norway*

21

6

Statistics Norway Smoking Habits Survey [25]

2015

Portugal

4.4

1.1

SEBS [33]

2012

Slovenia

1.8

0.4

SEBS [33]

2012

Spain

0.4

0.2

SEBS [33]

2012

Sweden*

25

7

National Survey of Public Health [25]

2015

Switzerland*

4.2

1.2

Addiction Monitoring survey [25]

2013

United Kingdom

1.6

0.5

SEBS [33]

2012

Europe (Region B)

Azerbaijan*

0.2

0

National study of risk factors for non-communicable diseases [25]

2011

Armenia

1.8

0

DHS [29]

2005

Bulgaria

0.3

0

SEBS [33]

2012

Georgia

1

0.2

Survey of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases [25]

2010

*Kazakhstan**

2.8

0

GATS [27]

2014

Kyrgyzstan*

10.1

0.1

STEPS [26]

2013

Poland

1

0.1

GATS [27]

2009

*Romania

0.4

0.2

GATS [27]

2011

Slovakia*

1.9

0.8

Tobacco and Health Education Survey [25]

2014

Uzbekistan*

23.2

0.2

STEPS [26]

2014

Europe (region C)

Latvia*

0.1

0

Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population [25]

2014

Lithuania

1.2

0.2

SEBS [33]

2012

Moldova*

0.1

0

DHS [29]

2013

Russia*

0.8

0.1

GATS [27]

2016

Ukraine*

0.4

0

GATS [27]

2017

South East Asia (region B)

Indonesia*

3.9

4.8

Basic Health Research [25]

2013

Sri Lanka*

26

5.3

STEPS [26]

2014

Thailand

1.1

5.2

GATS [27]

2011

South East Asia (region D)

Bangladesh*

16.2

24.8

GATS [27]

2017

Bhutan*

26.5

11

STEPS [26]

2014

India*

29.6

12.8

GATS [27]

2017

Maldives*

3.9

1.4

STEPS [26]

2011

Myanmar*

62.2

24.1

STEPS [26]

2014

Nepal*

31.3

4.8

STEPS [26]

2013

Timor Leste*

16.1

26.8

National survey for non-communicable disease risk factors and injuries [34]

2014

Western Pacific (region A)

Australia*

0.6

0.3

National Drug Strategy Household Survey [25]

2013

Brunei Darussalam**

1.3

2.7

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey on Non-communicable Diseases [25]

2014–15

Western Pacific (region B)

Cambodia*

0.8

8.6

National Adult Tobacco Survey of Cambodia [25]

2014

China

0.7

0

GATS [27]

2010

Lao People’s Democratic Republic*

0.5

8.6

National Adult Tobacco Survey [25]

2015

Malaysia*

20.4

0.8

National Health And Morbidity Survey [25]

2015

Marshall Islands**

13.7

4

STEPS [26]

2002

Micronesia

22.4

3

STEPS [26]

2002

Mongolia*

0.8

0.2

STEPS [26]

2015

Niue**

0.3

0.2

STEPS [26]

2011

Philippines*

2.7

0.7

GATS [27]

2015

Vietnam*

0.8

2

GATS [27]

2015