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Table 4 Associations between (excessive) GWG and PPD at 6–8 weeks postpartum (n = 1583)

From: Evaluation of antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a secondary cohort analysis of the cluster-randomised GeliS trial

Covariate

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

GWG (excessive vs. non-excessive)

3.91 (0.41–36.90)

4.31 (0.43–42.70)

3.99 (0.42–37.90)

3.48 (0.35–34.94)

Pre-pregnancy BMI

1.07 (1.01–1.12)*

1.07 (1.01–1.13)*

1.06 (1.01–1.12)*

1.06 (1.00–1.12)

Excessive GWG * pre-pregnancy BMI

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

0.96 (0.88–1.05)

GWG (per 1-unit increase)

1.19 (1.00–1.43)

1.19 (0.98–1.45)

1.19 (0.98–1.44)

1.16 (0.94–1.44)

Pre-pregnancy BMI

1.12 (1.02–1.22)*

1.13 (1.03–1.24)*

1.12 (1.02–1.23)*

1.11 (1.00–1.23)*

GWG * pre-pregnancy BMI

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

0.99 (0.99–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)

  1. Depicted are odds ratios (ORs) along with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by multivariable logistic regression models
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, GWG gestational weight gain, Excessive GWG as defined by the IOM
  3. Model 1: adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI, interaction term of (excessive) GWG X pre-pregnancy BMI, age, and group allocation
  4. Model 2: model 1 + marital status, educational level, and parity
  5. Model 3: model 2 + smoking status, alcohol intake, low level of physical activity assessed by the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), and gestational diabetes mellitus
  6. Model 4: model 3 + antenatal history of anxiety/depressive symptoms during early pregnancy assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ)-4
  7. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < .0001