|
Covariate
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
|---|
|
GWG (excessive vs. non-excessive)
|
3.91 (0.41–36.90)
|
4.31 (0.43–42.70)
|
3.99 (0.42–37.90)
|
3.48 (0.35–34.94)
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI
|
1.07 (1.01–1.12)*
|
1.07 (1.01–1.13)*
|
1.06 (1.01–1.12)*
|
1.06 (1.00–1.12)
|
|
Excessive GWG * pre-pregnancy BMI
|
0.96 (0.88–1.05)
|
0.96 (0.88–1.05)
|
0.96 (0.88–1.05)
|
0.96 (0.88–1.05)
|
|
GWG (per 1-unit increase)
|
1.19 (1.00–1.43)
|
1.19 (0.98–1.45)
|
1.19 (0.98–1.44)
|
1.16 (0.94–1.44)
|
|
Pre-pregnancy BMI
|
1.12 (1.02–1.22)*
|
1.13 (1.03–1.24)*
|
1.12 (1.02–1.23)*
|
1.11 (1.00–1.23)*
|
|
GWG * pre-pregnancy BMI
|
0.99 (0.99–1.00)
|
0.99 (0.99–1.00)
|
1.00 (0.99–1.00)
|
1.00 (0.99–1.00)
|
- Depicted are odds ratios (ORs) along with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by multivariable logistic regression models
- Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, GWG gestational weight gain, Excessive GWG as defined by the IOM
- Model 1: adjusted for pre-pregnancy BMI, interaction term of (excessive) GWG X pre-pregnancy BMI, age, and group allocation
- Model 2: model 1 + marital status, educational level, and parity
- Model 3: model 2 + smoking status, alcohol intake, low level of physical activity assessed by the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ), and gestational diabetes mellitus
- Model 4: model 3 + antenatal history of anxiety/depressive symptoms during early pregnancy assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ)-4
- *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < .0001
