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Table 3 Cost of influenza-associated illness in US dollars showing year of valuation

From: Seasonal influenza vaccination in Kenya: an economic evaluation using dynamic transmission modelling

Type of cost

Measure

Value in USD

Year

Distribution

Source

Direct medical costs

 Facility based medical costs among influenza cases attending outpatient clinic

Mean (SD)

4.34 (1.30)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Facility based medical costs among hospitalised influenza cases

Mean (SD)

59.19 (59.39)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Health care costs after discharge among hospitalised influenza cases who sought care after discharge

Mean (SD)

3.28 (6.19)

 

Normal

[30]

 Influenza vaccine purchase costs per dose (varied in sensitivity analysis)

Fixed

3

2018

Fixed value

Assumption

 Vaccine administration cost per dose

 Supply chain cost per dose from national level to the health facility

Mean

0.43

2012

Fixed value

[31]

 Provision of immunisation services at the health facility

Mean (SD)

1.0 (0.72)

2012

Normal

[31]

Health care related costs

 Transportation costs among influenza cases attending outpatient clinic

Mean (SD)

0.40 (0.87)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Transportation costs among hospitalised influenza cases

Mean (SD)

5.03 (8.32)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Transportation costs to receive vaccine at health facility

Man (SD)

0.20 (0.435)

2014

Normal

Assumption*

 Health care costs prior to outpatient visit among influenza cases who purchased medication before the outpatient visit

Mean (SD)

1.39 (3.90)

2014

Normal

[30]

Indirect costs

 Lost wages among influenza cases not seeking formal health care for mild illness

Fixed

0

–

Fixed value

Assumption

 Lost wages among influenza cases attending outpatient visit who report that household members missed work

Mean (SD)

12.84 (27.17)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Lost wages among hospitalised influenza cases who report that household members missed work

Mean (SD)

42.02 (41.54)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Lost wages among those not hospitalised with severe influenza illness

–

Not known

–

–

–

 Childcare costs among influenza cases attending outpatient clinic who report household members paid for childcare

Mean (SD)

0.07 (0.57)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Childcare costs among hospitalised influenza cases who report household members paid for childcare

Mean (SD)

0.11 (0.75)

2014

Normal

[30]

 Childcare among those not hospitalised for severe influenza illness

–

Not known

–

–

–

  1. *For this cost no data existed and an assumption was made that the cost would be half of the transportation costs for outpatient care
  2. In the case where no data was available for costs incurred by non-medically attended cases, these costs were not included in the model
  3. SD standard deviation