Estimating indirect mortality impacts of armed conflict in civilian populations: panel regression analyses of 193 countries, 1990–2017

Table 1 Description of data used in the study

	Countries (N)	Observations (N)	Battle-related deaths per 100,000 population (mean, SD)	Civilian mortality rate per 100,000 population (mean, SD)
Total	193	5404	3.63 (135.52)	1020.84 (484.54)
Armed conflict exposure¹
No	186	4384	0.01 (0.08)	962.11 (459.71)
Yes	102	1020	19.23 (311.58)	1273.26 (507.18)
- Minor conflict	99	686	1.96 (4.09)	1233.39 (492.27)
-War	48	334	54.72 (543.30)	1355.15 (527.87)
Quintile of exposure²
- None	177	3986	–	943.81 (449.20)
- First	65	284	0.02 (0.01)	998.09 (435.49)
- Second	80	284	0.13 (0.05)	1179.62 (473.60)
- Third	68	283	0.51 (0.18)	1197.73 (463.11)
- Fourth	71	285	2.44 (1.18)	1310.55 (501.44)
- Fifth	50	283	66.35 (589.68)	1501.68 (553.86)
Covariates	Countries (N)	Observations (N)	Mean	SD
GDP per capita	190	5082	9825.06	15,484.47
OECD membership	193	5404	0.15	0.36
Population density	193	5404	0.29	0.21
Urbanisation	193	5404	0.56	0.19
Age dependency ratio	185	5171	65.39	19.61
Male education	193	5404	8.21	3.29
Temperature	193	5404	14.12	13.32
Rainfall	193	5404	0.45	0.42
Earthquake	193	5404	0.09	0.28
Drought	193	5404	0.08	0.27
Multiplicative Polyarchy Index	172	4774	0.52	0.27
Ethnic Fractionalisation Index	156	3703	0.45	0.26

GDP per capita is in current US dollars. Population density represents the percentage of the population living in a density of > 1000 people/km². Urbanisation represents the percentage of the population living in urban areas. The age dependency ratio represents the percentage of the population younger than 15 years and older than 64 years per 100 working-age population. Male education is expressed as years per capita and is age-standardised. Temperature is in degrees Celsius and is the mean population-weighted annual temperature. Rainfall represents the percentage of the population living in the top world quintile of annual rainfall. Earthquake and drought are binary variables representing their absence or presence
¹Based on the number of battle-related deaths per country-conflict-year: no, < 25; yes, ≥ 25; minor conflict, 25–999; war, ≥ 1000. ²Based on the number of battle-related deaths per 100,000 population per country-year

ISSN: 1741-7015