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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to delivery year

From: The trend of caesarean birth rate changes in China after ‘universal two-child policy’ era: a population-based study in 2013–2018

Characteristics

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

N

1,360,384

1,813,753

1,552,952

1,706,939

1,709,637

1,254,380

Age

 20–

449,607 (33.1)

482,363 (26.6)

391,365 (25.2)

350,263 (20.5)

283,488 (16.6)

205,376 (16.4)

 25–

648,870 (47.7)

948,058 (52.3)

818,991 (52.7)

884,704 (51.8)

770,323 (45.1)

563,423 (44.9)

 30–

199,323 (14.7)

305,331 (16.8)

257,309 (16.6)

339,758 (19.9)

419,649 (24.6)

337,983 (26.9)

 ≥ 35

62,584 (4.6)

78,001 (4.3)

85,287 (5.5)

132,214 (7.8)

236,177 (13.8)

147,598 (11.8)

Higher education

 Yes

436,700 (32.1)

625,611 (34.5)

573,043 (36.9)

708,332 (41.5)

715,633 (41.9)

581,466 (46.4)

 No

891,977 (65.6)

1,134,400 (62.5)

927,246 (59.7)

926,811 (54.3)

913,797 (53.5)

600,435 (47.9)

 NA

31,707 (2.3)

53,742 (3.0)

52,663 (3.4)

71,796 (4.2)

80,207 (4.7)

72,479 (5.8)

BMI

 Underweight

191,759 (14.1)

267,236 (14.7)

227,708 (14.7)

232,675 (13.6)

209,234 (12.2)

159,800 (12.7)

 Normal weight

876,038 (64.4)

1,147,895 (63.3)

979,551 (63.1)

1,051,466 (61.6)

1,026,015 (60.0)

750,469 (59.8)

 Overweight

169,411 (12.4)

228,695 (12.6)

200,350 (12.9)

234,272 (13.7)

255,224 (14.9)

183,551 (14.6)

 Obese

102,921 (7.6)

153,108 (8.4)

133,190 (8.6)

176,100 (10.3)

207,396 (12.1)

152,599 (12.2)

NA

20,255 (1.5)

16,819 (0.9)

12,153 (0.8)

12,426 (0.7)

11,768 (0.7)

7961 (0.6)

Region

 Northeast

17,087 (1.3)

21,362 (1.2)

12,880 (0.8)

17,295 (1.0)

16,405 (1.0)

13,631 (1.1)

 North

70,111 (5.2)

132,151 (7.3)

83,421 (5.4)

113,796 (6.7)

99,505 (5.8)

72,659 (5.8)

 Northwest

84,483 (6.2)

104,363 (5.8)

92,596 (6.0)

101,283 (5.9)

108,509 (6.4)

88,936 (7.1)

 East

254,361 (18.7)

479,177 (26.4)

339,419 (21.9)

414,585 (24.3)

423,651 (24.8)

316,769 (25.3)

 Central

554,208 (40.7)

657,323 (36.2)

637,957 (41.1)

656,494 (38.5)

625,204 (36.6)

441,871 (35.2)

 South

250,558 (18.4)

275,153 (15.2)

253,124 (16.3)

260,102 (15.2)

268,554 (15.7)

180,011 (14.4)

 Southwest

129,576 (9.5)

144,224 (8.0)

133,555 (8.6)

143,384 (8.4)

167,809 (9.8)

140,503 (11.2)

Nationality

 Han

1,242,454 (91.3)

1,662,843 (91.7)

1,412,724 (91.0)

1,562,677 (91.6)

1,556,050 (91.0)

1,129,277 (90.0)

 Others

102,498 (7.5)

132,018 (7.3)

122,268 (7.9)

120,483 (7.1)

131,382 (7.7)

100,268 (8.0)

 NA

15,432 (1.1)

18,892 (1.0)

17,960 (1.2)

23,779 (1.4)

22,205 (1.3)

24,835 (2.0)

Adverse pregnancy outcomes in previous deliveries

 Yes

224,699 (16.5)

298,746 (16.5)

241,003 (15.5)

284,002 (16.6)

337,703 (19.8)

253,686 (20.2)

 No

1,124,249 (82.6)

1,505,067 (83.0)

1,302,460 (83.9)

1,414,285 (82.9)

1,363,499 (79.8)

994,880 (79.3)

 NA

11,436 (0.8)

9940 (0.6)

9489 (0.6)

8652 (0.5)

8435 (0.5)

5814 (0.5)

Parity

 Primipara

1,004,419 (73.8)

1,254,131 (69.2)

1,036,872 (66.8)

1,026,506 (60.1)

800,238 (46.8)

610,610 (48.7)

 Multipara

343,741 (25.3)

548,999 (30.3)

506,195 (32.6)

671,455 (39.3)

900,763 (52.7)

637,945 (50.9)

 NA

12,224 (0.9)

10,623 (0.6)

9885 (0.6)

8978 (0.5)

8636 (0.5)

5825 (0.5)

Full-term births

 Yes

1,234,240 (90.7)

1,659,942 (91.5)

1,441,070 (92.8)

1,593,940 (93.4)

1,629,940 (95.3)

1,216,586 (97.0)

 No

126,143 (9.3)

153,809 (8.5)

111,882 (7.2)

112,999 (6.6)

79,696 (4.7)

37,794 (3.0)

 NA

1 (0)

2 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0)

0 (0)

Number of foetus

 Singleton

1,352,364 (99.4)

1,802,094 (99.4)

1,543,985 (99.4)

1,697,149 (99.4)

1,700,026 (99.4)

1,246,359 (99.4)

 Multiple

8019 (0.6)

11,657 (0.6)

8967 (0.6)

9790 (0.6)

9602 (0.6)

8021 (0.6)

 NA

1 (0)

2 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

9 (0)

0 (0)

  1. Data are n (%). NA not available, BMI body mass index. BMI was calculated using weight/height2 (kg/m2). BMI < 18.5 was considered underweight, BMI ≥ 18.5 and < 24 were considered normal, BMI ≥ 24 and < 28 were considered overweight, and BMI ≥ 28 was considered obese according to the Chinese population standards. Higher education level was defined as senior high school, college, or postgraduate. Primiparity and multiparity were defined as parity of 0 and ≥ 1, respectively