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Table 1 Top five most commonly reported pathogens in Southern Asia, stratified by time period

From: Non-malarial febrile illness: a systematic review of published aetiological studies and case reports from Southern Asia and South-eastern Asia, 1980–2015

 

1980 to ≤ 1990

1991 to ≤ 2000

2001 to ≤ 2010

2011 to ≤ 2015

Bacteria

Salmonella Typhi (n = 12)

Salmonella Typhi (n = 51)

Salmonella Typhi (n = 96)

Escherichia coli (n = 111)

Salmonella Paratyphi A (n = 5)

Staphylococcus aureus (n = 16)

Escherichia coli (n = 63)

Staphylococcus aureus (n = 98)

Salmonella spp. (n = 2)

Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (n = 14)

Staphylococcus aureus (n = 61)

Salmonella Typhi (n = 77)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 2)

Escherichia coli (n = 14)

Leptospira spp. (n = 46)

Orientia tsutsugamushi (n = 74)

Klebsiella spp. (n = 2)

Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 13)

Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 38)

Acinetobacter spp. (n = 72)

Viruses

Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 5)

Dengue virus (n = 41)

Dengue virus (n = 166)

Dengue virus (n = 210)

Dengue virus (n = 4)

Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 5)

Chikungunya virus (n = 36)

Chikungunya virus (n = 38)

West Nile virus (n = 3)

Hepatitis B virus (n = 4)

Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 16)

Japanese encephalitis virus (n = 23)

CCHF virus (n = 3)

West Nile virus (n = 3)

CCHF virus (n = 11)

CCHF virus (n = 13)

Sandfly fever Sicilian virus (n = 2)

Hepatitis C virus (n = 3)

Hepatitis C virus (n = 8)

West Nile virus (n = 8)

Parasites

Leishmania donovani (n = 3)

Leishmania spp. (n = 12)

Leishmania donovani (n = 25)

Leishmania spp. (n = 13)

Toxoplasma spp. (n = 1)

Leishmania donovani (n = 10)

Leishmania spp. (n = 6)

Leishmania donovani (n = 12)

Toxocara canis (n = 1)

Wuchereria bancrofti (n = 3)

Naegleria fowleri (n = 4)

Trypanosoma lewisi (n = 2)

Acanthamoeba culbertsoni (n = 1)

Naegleria spp. (n = 1)

Wuchereria bancrofti (n = 3)

Wuchereria bancrofti (n = 1)

Brugia malayi (n = 1)

Trypanosoma evansi (n = 3)

Trypanosoma evansi (n = 1)

Fungi

Candida spp. (n = 1)

Candida albicans (n = 5)

Candida spp. (n = 10)

Candida spp. (n = 29)

Candida spp. (n = 2)

Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 7)

Candida albicans (n = 11)

Cryptococcus spp. (n = 1)

Candida albicans (n = 6)

Candida tropicalis (n = 4)

Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 1)

Yeast (n = 3)

Candida glabrata (n = 4)

Candida tropicalis (n = 1)

Cryptococcus spp. (n = 3)

Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 3)

  1. CCHF Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. The number in parentheses indicates the number of publications reporting the given microorganism