Fig. 4

Association between the use of oral vitamin B12 supplement intake (in mcg per day) and hazard ratio for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality in 18,666 participants of the NHANES surveys 1999–2014 with complete data. Panel 1, unadjusted. Panel 2, adjusted for age (categorical, < 40, 40–60, > 60), gender, and ethnicity. Panel 3, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, BMI group (categorical, < 20, 20–25, 25–30, 30–35, 35–40, > 40), family income (categorical, < $25,000, $25,000–75,000, > $75,000), education level, former and current smoking, and alcohol consumption. Panel 4, adjusted for age; gender; ethnicity; BMI group; family income; education level; former and current smoking; alcohol consumption; eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²; diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and lung disease; medication use (as a proxy for other comorbidities); white blood cell count; hemoglobin; and serum folate