Table 3 Univariable and multivariable meta-regression analysis of prevalence estimation for preventable medication harm

  - Asia/other

32

–

–

1

–

–

 - North America

23

0.016

0.273

0.03 (−0.02, 0.087)

0.028

0.237

 - Europe

26

0.016

0.051

0.011 (− 0.045, 0.066)

0.028

0.709

 - Yes

67

–

–

–

–

–

 - No

14

0.036

0.760

NA

NA

NA

 - > 1,200 patients

41

–

–

1

–

–

 - ≤ 1,200 patients

40

0.024

< 0.0001

0.038 (0.016, 0.060)

0.011

0.036

 - Adults

63

–

–

1

–

–

 - Children/adolescents

18

0.032

0.0060

− 0.016 (− 0.048, 0.016)

0.016

0.319

 - General hospital or internal medicine

29

–

–

1

–

–

 - Elderly

7

0.021

< 0.0001

0.07 (0.023, 0.107)

0.021

0.002

 - Emergency department

12

0.016

0.009

0.028 (− 0.002, 0.058)

0.015

0.062

 - Highly specialised care or surgical

13

0.016

0.0001

0.052 (0.022, 0.082)

0.015

0.0007

 - ICU

6

0.021

0.015

0.038 (− 0.004, 0.080)

0.021

0.073

 - Paediatric

9

0.018

0.663

− 0.0001 (− 0.044, 0.043)

0.022

0.996

 - Primary care

4

0.024

0.720

− 0.014 (− 0.058, 0.031)

0.023

0.547

 - Psychiatric

1

0.046

0.825

− 0.006 (− 0.090, 0.079)

0.043

0.897

 - Medical record review/chart review or observation

54

–

–

1

–

–

 - Survey, telephone, voluntary (spontaneous) report

27

0.014

0.053

− 0.021 (− 0.045, 0.004)

0.012

0.099

 - Yes

49

–

–

NA

NA

NA

 - No

32

0.028

0.613

NA

NA

NA

 - ≤ 6 months

47

–

–

NA

NA

NA

 - > 6 months

34

0.028

0.357

NA

NA

NA

 - Prospective

58

–

–

–

–

–

 - Retrospective cohort or cross-sectional

23

0.015

0.480

NA

NA

NA

 - High (score < 7)

31

–

–

NA

NA

NA

 - Low (score ≥ 7)

50

0.027

0.006

0.019 (− 0.004, 0.043)

0.012

0.107

Model fit indices