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Table 1 Pooled estimated effect of placebo response in patients with diabetes mellitus

From: Age, sex, disease severity, and disease duration difference in placebo response: implications from a meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus

Variables

No. of trials

HbA1c change (%)

Weight change (kg)

Pooled ES

95% CI

P value

I2 (%)

Pooled ES

95% CI

P value

I2 (%)

Types of diabetes mellitus

 Diabetes in total

433

− 0.11

− 0.15, − 0.07

< 0.01

88

− 0.30

− 0.40, − 0.20

< 0.01

71

 Type 1 diabetes

41

− 0.06

− 0.13, 0.02

0.16

74

0.33

0.03, 0.62

0.03

70

 Type 2 diabetes

392

− 0.12

− 0.16, − 0.07

< 0.01

89

− 0.40

− 0.50, − 0.29

< 0.01

67

Treatment design

 Monotherapy

148

0.08

0.01, 0.16

0.02

79

− 0.56

− 0.73, − 0.39

< 0.01

63

 Add-on therapy

285

− 0.20

− 0.25, − 0.15

< 0.01

89

− 0.19

− 0.32, − 0.07

< 0.01

71

Administration route

 Oral total

355

− 0.08

− 0.13, − 0.04

< 0.01

88

− 0.30

− 0.41, − 0.19

< 0.01

61

 Injection total

78

− 0.21

− 0.30, − 0.12

< 0.01

88

− 0.30

− 0.53, − 0.07

0.01

84

Type 1 diabetes

 Oral

31

0.01

− 0.10, 0.12

0.84

73

0.25

− 0.13, 0.63

0.20

63

 Injection

10

− 0.16

− 0.27, − 0.04

< 0.01

75

0.41

− 0.03, 0.85

0.07

77

Type 2 diabetes

 Oral

324

− 0.09

− 0.14, − 0.04

< 0.01

89

− 0.37

− 0.48, − 0.25

< 0.01

58

 Injection

68

− 0.22*

− 0.32, − 0.11

< 0.01

88

− 0.46

− 0.70, − 0.22

< 0.01

82

Comparator agent type

Type 1 diabetes

 Metformin

13

0.21

− 0.06, 0.48

0.13

72

0.71

− 0.29, 1.70

0.17

37

 AGI

2

0.01

− 0.36, 0.38

0.97

82

− 0.63

− 2.10, 0.84

0.40

94

 TZD

4

− 0.60

− 1.37, 0.18

0.13

0

1.21

− 6.52, 8.94

0.76

0

 DPP-4i

1

− 0.12

− 1.59, 1.35

0.87

NA

0.02

− 5.21, 5.25

0.99

NA

 GLP-1RA

5

− 0.26

− 0.44 -0.07

< 0.01

56

0.41

− 0.27, 1.08

0.24

45

 SGLT2i

11

− 0.09

− 0.20, 0.02

0.10

75

0.39

0.08, 0.70

0.01

36

 Pramlintide

5

− 0.09

− 0.23, 0.05

0.20

79

0.41

− 0.17, 0.99

0.17

85

Type 2 diabetes

 Metformin

23

0.14†‡

− 0.05, 0.33

0.14

59

− 0.57

− 0.93, − 0.21

< 0.01

0

 AGI

40

− 0.01

− 0.24, 0.22

0.91

89

− 0.17

− 0.51, 0.16

0.31

0

 TZD

64

0.07†‡

− 0.09, 0.24

0.39

76

− 0.17

− 0.66, 0.32

0.50

35

 SU

24

0.05

− 0.19, 0.29

0.68

70

− 0.48

− 1.96, 1.00

0.53

78

 DPP-4i

95

− 0.11

− 0.20, − 0.02

0.01

92

− 0.32

− 0.49, − 0.14

< 0.01

67

 GLP-1RA

68

− 0.22

− 0.32, − 0.11

< 0.01

88

− 0.46

− 0.70, − 0.22

< 0.01

82

 SGLT2i

78

− 0.26

− 0.35, − 0.17

< 0.01

90

− 0.42

− 0.60, − 0.24

< 0.01

60

  1. Font bold was used if P < 0.05 was noticed
  2. ES effect size, SU sulfonylurea, AGI alpha glucosidase inhibitor, TZD thiazolidinedione, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist
  3. *Compared with oral subgroup, P < 0.05
  4. Compared with GLP-1RA group, P < 0.05
  5. Compared with SGLT2i group, P < 0.05