Fig. 1

The odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for an increased frequency of depressive mood at baseline, for a number of lifestyle factors and confounders (in grey) measured at baseline. Results are presented both for the samples with major depressive disorder (squares) and those without a depressive disorder (triangles). Odds ratios above 1 indicate that an increase in the given lifestyle factor is associated with more depressive moods at a similar time point. For the categorical variables (sleep, 7–9 h; smoker; ethnicity (non-Caucasian); gender (female); and midrange BMI), the reference group is all other participants. std = standardised variables. pv = p-values for interaction