The role of cortisol in ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a bi-directional Mendelian randomization study

Table 5 Association of genetically predicted ischemic heart disease (IHD) (P value< 5 × 10⁻⁸ and r² < 0.001) based on the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes-based GWAS (1000 Genomes), genetically predicted ischemic stroke based on the MEGASTROKE, and genetically predicted type 2 diabetes (T2DM) based on the DIAbetes Meta-ANalysis of Trans-Ethnic association studies (DIAMANTE) with cortisol based on the Crawford et al. study [19] using Mendelian randomization (MR) with different methods

Exposure sources	Outcome sources	SNPs	F-statistic	Method	Beta	95% CI		P value	IVW		MR-Egger
Exposure sources	Outcome sources	SNPs	F-statistic	Method	Beta	95% CI		P value	Cochran’s Q-statistic	P value	Intercept P value	I²
IHD	Cortisol	39	61.3	IVW	− 0.03	− 0.08	0.03	0.38	37.37	0.50
(1000 Genomes)	(Crawford 2019)			WM	− 0.08	− 0.17	0.01	0.08
				MR-Egger	− 0.01	− 0.16	0.13	0.88			0.83	96.1%
				MR-PRESSO	− 0.03	− 0.09	0.03	0.38
Ischemic stroke	Cortisol	9	40.8	IVW	− 0.06	− 0.19	0.07	0.35	7.10	0.53
(MEGASTROKE)	(Crawford 2019)			WM	− 0.004	− 0.17	0.17	0.97
				MR-Egger	− 0.45	− 1.42	0.53	0.37			0.44	0%
				MR-PRESSO	− 0.06	− 0.20	0.08	0.35
T2DM	Cortisol	166	80.8	IVW	0.01	− 0.03	0.04	0.60	163.50	0.52
(DIAMANTE)	(Crawford 2019)			WM	0.001	− 0.07	0.07	0.99
				MR-Egger	− 0.002	− 0.08	0.07	0.96			0.75	96.7%
				MR-PRESSO	0.01	− 0.03	0.04	0.60

Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, IVW inverse variance weighting, MR Mendelian randomization, SNP single nucleotide polymorphism, WM weighted median

ISSN: 1741-7015