Table 2 Association between metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, insulin, and metformin plus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and study outcomes after propensity score matching
Outcomes | Treatment groups | Conditional logit logistic regression | Mixed effect logistic regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||||
Metformin (n = 249) | Other GLD (n = 249) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 79 (31.7%) | 79 (31.7%) | 1.000 | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | 0.482 | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | 0.482 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 91 (36.5%) | 88 (35.4%) | 0.852 | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.780 | 1.05 (0.73–1.52) | 0.779 |
In-hospital complications | 146 (58.6%) | 139 (55.8%) | 0.587 | 1.18 (0.81–1.72) | 0.392 | 1.17 (0.81–1.70) | 0.398 |
Long-time hospital stay | 59 (23.7%) | 45 (18.1%) | 0.152 | 1.49 (0.95–2.31) | 0.079 | 1.49 (0.96–2.33) | 0.075 |
DPP-4i (n = 105) | Other GLD (n = 105) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 41 (39.0%) | 44 (41.9%) | 0.779 | 1.05 (0.66–2.13) | 0.521 | 1.05 (0.67–2.11) | 0.562 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 45 (42.9%) | 42 (40.0%) | 0.780 | 1.12 (0.65–1.92) | 0.680 | 1.12 (0.65–1.95) | 0.675 |
In-hospital complications | 66 (62.9%) | 70 (66.7%) | 0.665 | 0.94 (0.67–2.12) | 0.480 | 0.94 (0.67–2.13) | 0.481 |
Long-time hospital stay | 23 (21.9%) | 24 (22.9%) | 1.000 | 0.83 (0.38–1.46) | 0.400 | 0.84 (0.39–1.46) | 0.406 |
Insulin (n = 129) | Other GLD (n = 129) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 51 (39.5%) | 46 (35.7%) | 0.607 | 1.15 (0.65–1.97) | 0.590 | 1.15 (0.65–1.97) | 0.598 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 57 (44.2%) | 54 (41.9%) | 0.802 | 1.10 (0.67–1.80) | 0.710 | 1.10 (0.67–1.81) | 0.706 |
In-hospital complications | 49 (38.9%) | 46 (35.7%) | 0.796 | 1.00 (0.58–1.67) | 0.930 | 1.00 (0.57–1.67) | 0.912 |
Long-time hospital stay | 22 (17.1%) | 34 (26.4%) | 0.097 | 0.63 (0.37–1.20) | 0.158 | 0.63 (0.37–1.21) | 0.159 |
Metformin + DPP-4i (n = 127) | Other GLD (n = 127) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 29 (22.8%) | 37 (29.1%) | 0.317 | 0.73 (0.40–1.28) | 0.270 | 0.72 (0.39–1.27) | 0.251 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 40 (31.5%) | 45 (35.4%) | 0.592 | 0.84 (0.50–1.41) | 0.510 | 0.84 (0.49–1.41) | 0.503 |
In-hospital complications | 67 (52.8%) | 70 (55.1%) | 0.801 | 0.87 (0.51–1.46) | 0.596 | 0.86 (0.50–1.47) | 0.592 |
Long-time hospital stay | 29 (22.8%) | 26 (20.5%) | 0.761 | 1.17 (0.62–2.23) | 0.627 | 1.17 (0.62–2.19) | 0.632 |