Table 4 Association between metformin, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, insulin, and metformin plus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and study outcomes before propensity score matching
Outcomes | Treatment groups | Univariate model | Multivariate model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||||
Metformin (n = 825) | Other GLD (n = 663) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 244 (29.6%) | 244 (36.8%) | 0.005 | 0.73 (0.58–0.90) | 0.004 | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 0.616 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 295 (35.8%) | 278 (41.9%) | 0.023 | 0.78 (0.63–0.96) | 0.020 | 1.03 (0.73–1.44) | 0.883 |
In-hospital complications | 435 (52.7%) | 394 (59.4%) | 0.013 | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.011 | 1.08 (0.77–1.50) | 0.666 |
Long-time hospital stay | 195 (23.6%) | 149 (22.5%) | 0.584 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.542 | 1.41 (0.96–2.09) | 0.080 |
DPP-4i (n = 180) | Other GLD (n = 1409) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 75 (41.7%) | 440 (31.2%) | 0.007 | 1.56 (1.13–2.14) | 0.006 | 1.39 (0.64–1.67) | 0.876 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 80 (44.4%) | 531 (37.7%) | 0.119 | 1.30 (0.95–1.78) | 0.102 | 0.97 (0.61–1.52) | 0.890 |
In-hospital complications | 113 (62.8%) | 775 (55.0%) | 0.104 | 1.33 (0.96–1.84) | 0.089 | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 0.842 |
Long-time hospital stay | 35 (19.4%) | 321 (22.8%) | 0.333 | 0.81 (0.54–1.18) | 0.288 | 0.90 (0.52–1.52) | 0.703 |
Insulin (n = 292) | Other GLD (n = 1458) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 111 (38.0%) | 431 (29.6%) | 0.007 | 1.45 (1.11–1.88) | 0.006 | 1.11 (0.70–1.75) | 0.652 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 125 (42.8%) | 528 (36.2%) | 0.039 | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | 0.033 | 1.09 (0.71–1.66) | 0.699 |
In-hospital complications | 170 (58.2%) | 786 (53.9%) | 0.143 | 1.23 (0.95–1.60) | 0.126 | 0.96 (0.62–1.47) | 0.834 |
Long-time hospital stay | 74 (25.3%) | 327 (22.4%) | 0.357 | 1.16 (0.86–1.55) | 0.318 | 0.699 (0.43–1.12) | 0.145 |
Metformin + DPP-4i (n = 288) | Other GLD (n = 384) | p value | |||||
In-hospital deaths | 80 (27.8%) | 136 (35.4%) | 0.044 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.036 | 0.71 (0.40–1.28) | 0.257 |
ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death | 104 (36.1%) | 159 (41.4%) | 0.159 | 0.79 (0.57–1.08) | 0.137 | 0.82 (0.50–1.36) | 0.452 |
In-hospital complications | 160 (55.6%) | 226 (58.9%) | 0.304 | 0.84 (0.61–1.15) | 0.268 | 1.01 (0.63–1.62) | 0.975 |
Long-time hospital stay | 71 (24.7%) | 95 (24.7%) | 1.000 | 1.00 (0.71–1.44) | 0.963 | 1.42 (0.82–2.47) | 0.217 |