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Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study

From: Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies

Characteristics

Total

Fruit intake

Vegetable intake

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

p-trend

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

p-trend

n

1879

471

471

467

470

 

470

470

469

470

 

Age, years

58.6 (6.1)

59.1 (6.5)

58.8 (6.4)

58.5 (6.0)

58.0 (5.5)

0.005

58.8 (6.9)

59.0 (6.2)

58.4 (5.7)

58.3 (5.4)

0.079

Sex, n (% of women)

1264 (67.3)

278 (59.0)

297 (63.1)

335 (71.7)

354 (75.3)

< 0.001

291 (61.9)

305 (64.9)

332 (70.8)

336 (71.5)

< 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

23.2 (3.0)

23.3 (3.1)

23.4 (3.2)

23.1 (2.9)

23.3 (2.8)

0.683

23.3 (3.1)

23.4 (3.0)

23.0 (2.7)

23.3 (3.1)

0.420

Total energy intake, kcal/day

1742 (488)

1573 (469)

1687 (455)

1765 (432)

1944 (517)

< 0.001

1505 (433)

1677 (430)

1798 (455)

1989 (500)

< 0.001

Physical activity, MET hours/day

40.6 (14.1)

38.5 (13.4)

39.6 (13.6)

41.8 (14.3)

42.6 (14.6)

< 0.001

38.8 (12.7)

39.5 (13.6)

41.6 (14.3)

42.5 (15.2)

< 0.001

Vegetable intake, g/day

383 (182)

317 (175)

352 (149)

401 (157)

464 (208)

< 0.001

192 (45)

303 (29)

414 (37)

624 (162)

< 0.001

Fruit intake, g/day

146 (109)

42 (19)

95 (16)

154 (19)

292 (107)

< 0.001

103 (86)

133 (92)

154 (97)

194 (133)

< 0.001

Total fruit and vegetable intake, g/day

529 (239)

358 (178)

448 (152)

556 (159)

756 (248)

< 0.001

295 (100)

436 (100)

568 (105)

819 (222)

< 0.001

Red and processed meat intake, g/day

104 (61)

98 (59)

101 (56)

105 (57)

114 (70)

< 0.001

89 (54)

99 (54)

112 (64)

117 (67)

< 0.001

Fish intake, g/day

50 (51)

44 (64)

43 (31)

54 (60)

61 (42)

< 0.001

37 (56)

45 (34)

53 (44)

67 (62)

< 0.001

Dairy products intake, g/day

115 (114)

88 (104)

107 (108)

124 (122)

142 (116)

< 0.001

94 (105)

113 (107)

125 (115)

128 (127)

< 0.001

Current alcohol drinker, n (%)

137 (7.3)

33 (7.0)

51 (10.8)

28 (6.0)

25 (5.3)

0.065

39 (8.3)

40 (8.5)

32 (6.8)

26 (5.5)

0.063

Current smoker, n (%)

292 (15.5)

100 (21.2)

87 (18.5)

57 (12.2)

48 (10.2)

< 0.001

93 (19.8)

79 (16.8)

59 (12.6)

61 (13.0)

0.001

Income level, n (%)

< 0.001

0.472

 ≤ 500 ¥/months

28 (1.5)

11 (2.3)

4 (0.8)

8 (1.7)

5 (1.1)

 

6 (1.3)

8 (1.7)

9 (1.9)

5 (1.1)

 

 501–1500 ¥/months

403 (21.4)

116 (24.6)

110 (23.4)

93 (19.9)

84 (17.9)

 

85 (18.1)

98 (20.9)

105 (22.4)

115 (24.4)

 

 1501–3000 ¥/months

1197 (63.7)

301 (63.9)

299 (63.5)

295 (63.2)

302 (64.2)

 

343 (73.0)

302 (64.2)

279 (59.5)

273 (58.1)

 

 > 3000 ¥/months

251 (13.4)

43 (9.1)

58 (12.3)

71 (15.2)

79 (16.8)

 

36 (7.6)

62 (13.2)

76 (16.2)

77 (16.4)

 

Education, n (%)

0.492

0.130

 Middle school or lower

510 (27.1)

139 (29.5)

120 (25.5)

128 (27.4)

123 (26.2)

 

132 (28.1)

137 (29.1)

111 (23.7)

130 (27.7)

 

 High school or professional college

864 (46.0)

205 (43.5)

201 (42.7)

218 (46.7)

240 (51.1)

 

203 (43.2)

217 (46.2)

226 (48.2)

218 (46.3)

 

 University

505 (26.9)

127 (27.0)

150 (31.8)

121 (25.9)

107 (22.7)

 

135 (28.7)

116 (24.7)

132 (28.1)

122 (26.0)

 

 Glucose, mmol/L

5.48 (1.32)

5.51 (1.22)

5.53 (1.65)

5.54 (1.38)

5.34 7(0.87)

0.089

5.49 (1.24)

5.39 (1.05)

5.57 (1.64)

5.47 (1.27)

0.657

 Insulin, μU/mL

7.30 (4.00)

7.17 (4.00)

7.42 (4.00)

7.41 (4.43)

7.19 (3.50)

0.926

7.54 (4.36)

7.41 (4.05)

7.12 (3.64)

7.09 (3.87)

0.072

 HbAlc, %

7.24 (4.22)

7.13 (4.01)

7.26 (4.25)

7.14 (4.03)

7.42 (4.57)

0.396

7.13 (3.95)

7.28 (4.64)

7.37 (4.51)

7.16 (3.70)

0.822

 HOMA-IR

1.83 (1.23)

1.81 (1.25)

1.86 (1.16)

1.91 (1.50)

1.74 (0.91)

0.626

1.89 (1.33)

1.81 (1.19)

1.81 (1.10)

1.81 (1.29)

0.356

 HOMA-β, %

85.2 (54.2)

83.8 (54.5)

87.6 (58.2)

83.8 (56.1)

85.7 (47.3)

0.873

88.5 (61.5)

88.7 (52.8)

81.3 (50.8)

81.5 (49.9)

0.023

Medication use, n (%)

0.057

0.930

 Hypertension

100 (5.3)

22 (4.7)

26 (5.5)

26 (5.6)

26 (5.5)

 

15 (3.2)

23 (4.9)

26 (5.5)

36 (7.7)

 

 Hyperlipidemia

111 (5.9)

31 (6.6)

39 (8.3)

18 (3.9)

23 (4.9)

 

35 (7.4)

25 (5.3)

31 (6.6)

20 (4.3)

 

 T2D

58 (3.1)

21 (4.5)

19 (4.0)

6 (1.3)

12 (2.6)

 

19 (4.0)

12 (2.6)

17 (3.6)

10 (2.1)

 
  1. Data are expressed as mean (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; Q1 indicates the quartile with the lowest intake; p-trend represents the comparison among quartiles using linear regression
  2. Q1 quartile 1, Q2 quartile 2, Q3 quartile 3, Q4 quartile 4, HbAlc glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-β homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function, T2D type 2 diabetes