Characteristics | Total | Fruit intake | Vegetable intake | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-trend | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-trend | ||
n | 1879 | 471 | 471 | 467 | 470 | Â | 470 | 470 | 469 | 470 | Â |
Age, years | 58.6 (6.1) | 59.1 (6.5) | 58.8 (6.4) | 58.5 (6.0) | 58.0 (5.5) | 0.005 | 58.8 (6.9) | 59.0 (6.2) | 58.4 (5.7) | 58.3 (5.4) | 0.079 |
Sex, n (% of women) | 1264 (67.3) | 278 (59.0) | 297 (63.1) | 335 (71.7) | 354 (75.3) | < 0.001 | 291 (61.9) | 305 (64.9) | 332 (70.8) | 336 (71.5) | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.2 (3.0) | 23.3 (3.1) | 23.4 (3.2) | 23.1 (2.9) | 23.3 (2.8) | 0.683 | 23.3 (3.1) | 23.4 (3.0) | 23.0 (2.7) | 23.3 (3.1) | 0.420 |
Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1742 (488) | 1573 (469) | 1687 (455) | 1765 (432) | 1944 (517) | < 0.001 | 1505 (433) | 1677 (430) | 1798 (455) | 1989 (500) | < 0.001 |
Physical activity, MET hours/day | 40.6 (14.1) | 38.5 (13.4) | 39.6 (13.6) | 41.8 (14.3) | 42.6 (14.6) | < 0.001 | 38.8 (12.7) | 39.5 (13.6) | 41.6 (14.3) | 42.5 (15.2) | < 0.001 |
Vegetable intake, g/day | 383 (182) | 317 (175) | 352 (149) | 401 (157) | 464 (208) | < 0.001 | 192 (45) | 303 (29) | 414 (37) | 624 (162) | < 0.001 |
Fruit intake, g/day | 146 (109) | 42 (19) | 95 (16) | 154 (19) | 292 (107) | < 0.001 | 103 (86) | 133 (92) | 154 (97) | 194 (133) | < 0.001 |
Total fruit and vegetable intake, g/day | 529 (239) | 358 (178) | 448 (152) | 556 (159) | 756 (248) | < 0.001 | 295 (100) | 436 (100) | 568 (105) | 819 (222) | < 0.001 |
Red and processed meat intake, g/day | 104 (61) | 98 (59) | 101 (56) | 105 (57) | 114 (70) | < 0.001 | 89 (54) | 99 (54) | 112 (64) | 117 (67) | < 0.001 |
Fish intake, g/day | 50 (51) | 44 (64) | 43 (31) | 54 (60) | 61 (42) | < 0.001 | 37 (56) | 45 (34) | 53 (44) | 67 (62) | < 0.001 |
Dairy products intake, g/day | 115 (114) | 88 (104) | 107 (108) | 124 (122) | 142 (116) | < 0.001 | 94 (105) | 113 (107) | 125 (115) | 128 (127) | < 0.001 |
Current alcohol drinker, n (%) | 137 (7.3) | 33 (7.0) | 51 (10.8) | 28 (6.0) | 25 (5.3) | 0.065 | 39 (8.3) | 40 (8.5) | 32 (6.8) | 26 (5.5) | 0.063 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 292 (15.5) | 100 (21.2) | 87 (18.5) | 57 (12.2) | 48 (10.2) | < 0.001 | 93 (19.8) | 79 (16.8) | 59 (12.6) | 61 (13.0) | 0.001 |
Income level, n (%) | < 0.001 | 0.472 | |||||||||
 ≤ 500 ¥/months | 28 (1.5) | 11 (2.3) | 4 (0.8) | 8 (1.7) | 5 (1.1) |  | 6 (1.3) | 8 (1.7) | 9 (1.9) | 5 (1.1) |  |
 501–1500 ¥/months | 403 (21.4) | 116 (24.6) | 110 (23.4) | 93 (19.9) | 84 (17.9) |  | 85 (18.1) | 98 (20.9) | 105 (22.4) | 115 (24.4) |  |
 1501–3000 ¥/months | 1197 (63.7) | 301 (63.9) | 299 (63.5) | 295 (63.2) | 302 (64.2) |  | 343 (73.0) | 302 (64.2) | 279 (59.5) | 273 (58.1) |  |
 > 3000 ¥/months | 251 (13.4) | 43 (9.1) | 58 (12.3) | 71 (15.2) | 79 (16.8) |  | 36 (7.6) | 62 (13.2) | 76 (16.2) | 77 (16.4) |  |
Education, n (%) | 0.492 | 0.130 | |||||||||
 Middle school or lower | 510 (27.1) | 139 (29.5) | 120 (25.5) | 128 (27.4) | 123 (26.2) |  | 132 (28.1) | 137 (29.1) | 111 (23.7) | 130 (27.7) |  |
 High school or professional college | 864 (46.0) | 205 (43.5) | 201 (42.7) | 218 (46.7) | 240 (51.1) |  | 203 (43.2) | 217 (46.2) | 226 (48.2) | 218 (46.3) |  |
 University | 505 (26.9) | 127 (27.0) | 150 (31.8) | 121 (25.9) | 107 (22.7) |  | 135 (28.7) | 116 (24.7) | 132 (28.1) | 122 (26.0) |  |
 Glucose, mmol/L | 5.48 (1.32) | 5.51 (1.22) | 5.53 (1.65) | 5.54 (1.38) | 5.34 7(0.87) | 0.089 | 5.49 (1.24) | 5.39 (1.05) | 5.57 (1.64) | 5.47 (1.27) | 0.657 |
 Insulin, μU/mL | 7.30 (4.00) | 7.17 (4.00) | 7.42 (4.00) | 7.41 (4.43) | 7.19 (3.50) | 0.926 | 7.54 (4.36) | 7.41 (4.05) | 7.12 (3.64) | 7.09 (3.87) | 0.072 |
 HbAlc, % | 7.24 (4.22) | 7.13 (4.01) | 7.26 (4.25) | 7.14 (4.03) | 7.42 (4.57) | 0.396 | 7.13 (3.95) | 7.28 (4.64) | 7.37 (4.51) | 7.16 (3.70) | 0.822 |
 HOMA-IR | 1.83 (1.23) | 1.81 (1.25) | 1.86 (1.16) | 1.91 (1.50) | 1.74 (0.91) | 0.626 | 1.89 (1.33) | 1.81 (1.19) | 1.81 (1.10) | 1.81 (1.29) | 0.356 |
 HOMA-β, % | 85.2 (54.2) | 83.8 (54.5) | 87.6 (58.2) | 83.8 (56.1) | 85.7 (47.3) | 0.873 | 88.5 (61.5) | 88.7 (52.8) | 81.3 (50.8) | 81.5 (49.9) | 0.023 |
Medication use, n (%) | 0.057 | 0.930 | |||||||||
 Hypertension | 100 (5.3) | 22 (4.7) | 26 (5.5) | 26 (5.6) | 26 (5.5) |  | 15 (3.2) | 23 (4.9) | 26 (5.5) | 36 (7.7) |  |
 Hyperlipidemia | 111 (5.9) | 31 (6.6) | 39 (8.3) | 18 (3.9) | 23 (4.9) |  | 35 (7.4) | 25 (5.3) | 31 (6.6) | 20 (4.3) |  |
 T2D | 58 (3.1) | 21 (4.5) | 19 (4.0) | 6 (1.3) | 12 (2.6) |  | 19 (4.0) | 12 (2.6) | 17 (3.6) | 10 (2.1) |  |