|
n
|
1879
|
471
|
471
|
467
|
470
| |
470
|
470
|
469
|
470
| |
|
Age, years
|
58.6 (6.1)
|
59.1 (6.5)
|
58.8 (6.4)
|
58.5 (6.0)
|
58.0 (5.5)
|
0.005
|
58.8 (6.9)
|
59.0 (6.2)
|
58.4 (5.7)
|
58.3 (5.4)
|
0.079
|
|
Sex, n (% of women)
|
1264 (67.3)
|
278 (59.0)
|
297 (63.1)
|
335 (71.7)
|
354 (75.3)
|
< 0.001
|
291 (61.9)
|
305 (64.9)
|
332 (70.8)
|
336 (71.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
23.2 (3.0)
|
23.3 (3.1)
|
23.4 (3.2)
|
23.1 (2.9)
|
23.3 (2.8)
|
0.683
|
23.3 (3.1)
|
23.4 (3.0)
|
23.0 (2.7)
|
23.3 (3.1)
|
0.420
|
|
Total energy intake, kcal/day
|
1742 (488)
|
1573 (469)
|
1687 (455)
|
1765 (432)
|
1944 (517)
|
< 0.001
|
1505 (433)
|
1677 (430)
|
1798 (455)
|
1989 (500)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Physical activity, MET hours/day
|
40.6 (14.1)
|
38.5 (13.4)
|
39.6 (13.6)
|
41.8 (14.3)
|
42.6 (14.6)
|
< 0.001
|
38.8 (12.7)
|
39.5 (13.6)
|
41.6 (14.3)
|
42.5 (15.2)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Vegetable intake, g/day
|
383 (182)
|
317 (175)
|
352 (149)
|
401 (157)
|
464 (208)
|
< 0.001
|
192 (45)
|
303 (29)
|
414 (37)
|
624 (162)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fruit intake, g/day
|
146 (109)
|
42 (19)
|
95 (16)
|
154 (19)
|
292 (107)
|
< 0.001
|
103 (86)
|
133 (92)
|
154 (97)
|
194 (133)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Total fruit and vegetable intake, g/day
|
529 (239)
|
358 (178)
|
448 (152)
|
556 (159)
|
756 (248)
|
< 0.001
|
295 (100)
|
436 (100)
|
568 (105)
|
819 (222)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Red and processed meat intake, g/day
|
104 (61)
|
98 (59)
|
101 (56)
|
105 (57)
|
114 (70)
|
< 0.001
|
89 (54)
|
99 (54)
|
112 (64)
|
117 (67)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fish intake, g/day
|
50 (51)
|
44 (64)
|
43 (31)
|
54 (60)
|
61 (42)
|
< 0.001
|
37 (56)
|
45 (34)
|
53 (44)
|
67 (62)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dairy products intake, g/day
|
115 (114)
|
88 (104)
|
107 (108)
|
124 (122)
|
142 (116)
|
< 0.001
|
94 (105)
|
113 (107)
|
125 (115)
|
128 (127)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Current alcohol drinker, n (%)
|
137 (7.3)
|
33 (7.0)
|
51 (10.8)
|
28 (6.0)
|
25 (5.3)
|
0.065
|
39 (8.3)
|
40 (8.5)
|
32 (6.8)
|
26 (5.5)
|
0.063
|
|
Current smoker, n (%)
|
292 (15.5)
|
100 (21.2)
|
87 (18.5)
|
57 (12.2)
|
48 (10.2)
|
< 0.001
|
93 (19.8)
|
79 (16.8)
|
59 (12.6)
|
61 (13.0)
|
0.001
|
|
Income level, n (%)
|
< 0.001
|
0.472
|
|
≤ 500 ¥/months
|
28 (1.5)
|
11 (2.3)
|
4 (0.8)
|
8 (1.7)
|
5 (1.1)
| |
6 (1.3)
|
8 (1.7)
|
9 (1.9)
|
5 (1.1)
| |
|
501–1500 ¥/months
|
403 (21.4)
|
116 (24.6)
|
110 (23.4)
|
93 (19.9)
|
84 (17.9)
| |
85 (18.1)
|
98 (20.9)
|
105 (22.4)
|
115 (24.4)
| |
|
1501–3000 ¥/months
|
1197 (63.7)
|
301 (63.9)
|
299 (63.5)
|
295 (63.2)
|
302 (64.2)
| |
343 (73.0)
|
302 (64.2)
|
279 (59.5)
|
273 (58.1)
| |
|
> 3000 ¥/months
|
251 (13.4)
|
43 (9.1)
|
58 (12.3)
|
71 (15.2)
|
79 (16.8)
| |
36 (7.6)
|
62 (13.2)
|
76 (16.2)
|
77 (16.4)
| |
|
Education, n (%)
|
0.492
|
0.130
|
|
Middle school or lower
|
510 (27.1)
|
139 (29.5)
|
120 (25.5)
|
128 (27.4)
|
123 (26.2)
| |
132 (28.1)
|
137 (29.1)
|
111 (23.7)
|
130 (27.7)
| |
|
High school or professional college
|
864 (46.0)
|
205 (43.5)
|
201 (42.7)
|
218 (46.7)
|
240 (51.1)
| |
203 (43.2)
|
217 (46.2)
|
226 (48.2)
|
218 (46.3)
| |
|
University
|
505 (26.9)
|
127 (27.0)
|
150 (31.8)
|
121 (25.9)
|
107 (22.7)
| |
135 (28.7)
|
116 (24.7)
|
132 (28.1)
|
122 (26.0)
| |
|
Glucose, mmol/L
|
5.48 (1.32)
|
5.51 (1.22)
|
5.53 (1.65)
|
5.54 (1.38)
|
5.34 7(0.87)
|
0.089
|
5.49 (1.24)
|
5.39 (1.05)
|
5.57 (1.64)
|
5.47 (1.27)
|
0.657
|
|
Insulin, μU/mL
|
7.30 (4.00)
|
7.17 (4.00)
|
7.42 (4.00)
|
7.41 (4.43)
|
7.19 (3.50)
|
0.926
|
7.54 (4.36)
|
7.41 (4.05)
|
7.12 (3.64)
|
7.09 (3.87)
|
0.072
|
|
HbAlc, %
|
7.24 (4.22)
|
7.13 (4.01)
|
7.26 (4.25)
|
7.14 (4.03)
|
7.42 (4.57)
|
0.396
|
7.13 (3.95)
|
7.28 (4.64)
|
7.37 (4.51)
|
7.16 (3.70)
|
0.822
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
1.83 (1.23)
|
1.81 (1.25)
|
1.86 (1.16)
|
1.91 (1.50)
|
1.74 (0.91)
|
0.626
|
1.89 (1.33)
|
1.81 (1.19)
|
1.81 (1.10)
|
1.81 (1.29)
|
0.356
|
|
HOMA-β, %
|
85.2 (54.2)
|
83.8 (54.5)
|
87.6 (58.2)
|
83.8 (56.1)
|
85.7 (47.3)
|
0.873
|
88.5 (61.5)
|
88.7 (52.8)
|
81.3 (50.8)
|
81.5 (49.9)
|
0.023
|
|
Medication use, n (%)
|
0.057
|
0.930
|
|
Hypertension
|
100 (5.3)
|
22 (4.7)
|
26 (5.5)
|
26 (5.6)
|
26 (5.5)
| |
15 (3.2)
|
23 (4.9)
|
26 (5.5)
|
36 (7.7)
| |
|
Hyperlipidemia
|
111 (5.9)
|
31 (6.6)
|
39 (8.3)
|
18 (3.9)
|
23 (4.9)
| |
35 (7.4)
|
25 (5.3)
|
31 (6.6)
|
20 (4.3)
| |
|
T2D
|
58 (3.1)
|
21 (4.5)
|
19 (4.0)
|
6 (1.3)
|
12 (2.6)
| |
19 (4.0)
|
12 (2.6)
|
17 (3.6)
|
10 (2.1)
| |
