Sleep disturbances and the speed of multimorbidity development in old age: results from a longitudinal population-based study

Table 3 Association between sleep disturbances at baseline and rate of chronic diseases accumulation throughout the 9-year follow-up

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	ß (SE)	p value	ß (SE)	p value	ß (SE)	p value
No disturbances	Ref		Ref		Ref
Mild disturbances^¥	0.018 (0.032)	0.574	0.019 (0.032)	0.539	0.022 (0.032)	0.496
Moderate–severe disturbances^§	0.145 (0.053)	0.006	0.147 (0.053)	0.005	0.142 (0.054)	0.008

ß coefficients for the interaction term between time and the exposure, obtained through linear mixed models.
Model 1: adjusted by sex, age, and education level
Model 2: adjusted additionally by physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and BMI
Model 3: adjusted additionally by the presence of depression (MADRS score > 9), presence of any pain, psychotropic medication, and presence of one chronic disease at baseline
^¥Categories 1–2 “Slight difficulty dropping off to sleep or slightly reduced, light or fitful sleep” of the CPRS question on sleeping problems
^§Categories 3–4 “Sleep reduced or broken by at least two hours” and 5–6 “Less than two or three hours of sleep” of the CPRS question on sleeping problems

ISSN: 1741-7015