Table 1 Thirteen types of NPIs from OxCGRT, their general categorisations, and the coding schema used in our analysis to quantify their intensity

Internal containment and closure

School closure; workplace closure; cancellation of public events; limits on gathering sizes; closure of public transport; stay-at-home requirement; internal movement restriction

Any effort scenario:

NPIs are binary variables, considered “present” as long as any (non-zero) effort is made.

Maximum effort scenario:

NPIs are binary variables, considered “present” only if the maximum effort is made.

For example, an intervention X has levels 0–3. A record at level 2 is converted to 1 under any effort and 0 under maximum effort scenarios.

International travel restrictions

International movement restriction

Economic policies

Income support; debt/contract relief for households

Health systems policies

Public information campaign; testing policy; contact tracing