Table 1 Characteristics of the patients in the development set and validation set
Characteristics | Total set (N = 897) | Development set (n = 469) | Validation set (n = 428) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 66.0 (59.0–74.0) | 67.0 (60.0–74.0) | 66.0 (59.0–75.0) | 0.38 |
Male | 561 (62.5) | 292 (62.3) | 269 (62.9) | 0.86 |
Hypertension | 281 (31.3) | 143 (30.5) | 138 (32.2) | 0.57 |
Diabetes mellitus | 207 (23.1) | 122 (26.0) | 85 (19.9) | 0.09 |
Cancer type | 0.46 | |||
 Gastrointestinal | 137 (15.3) | 62 (13.2) | 75 (17.5) |  |
 Hepatobiliary-pancreas | 286 (31.9) | 151 (32.2) | 135 (31.5) |  |
 Lung | 151 (16.8) | 79 (16.8) | 72 (16.8) |  |
 Gynecologic | 82 (9.1) | 49 (10.5) | 33 (7.7) |  |
 Urologic | 78 (8.7) | 42 (9.0) | 36 (8.4) |  |
 Others | 163 (18.2) | 86 (18.3) | 77 (18.0) |  |
Focus of infection | 0.21 | |||
 Pneumonia | 209 (23.3) | 106 (22.6) | 103 (24.1) |  |
 Urinary tract infection | 116 (12.9) | 65 (13.9) | 51 (11.9) |  |
 Colitis | 129 (14.4) | 59 (12.6) | 70 (16.4) |  |
 Cholangitis/cholecystitis | 238 (26.5) | 130 (27.7) | 108 (25.2) |  |
 Others/unknown | 129 (14.4) | 75 (16.0) | 54 (12.6) |  |
 Multiple focus | 76 (8.5) | 34 (7.3) | 42 (9.8) |  |
Vital signs at ED admission | ||||
 Systolic BP, mmHg | 90.0 (77.0–111.0) | 90.0 (79.0–112.0) | 89.0 (76.0–110.0) | 0.23 |
 Diastolic BP, mmHg | 56.0 (48.0–66.0) | 57.0 (48.0–68.0) | 56.0 (48.0–64.5) | 0.17 |
 Heart rate/min | 116.0 (97.0–132.0) | 116.0 (97.0–131.0) | 115.0 (98.0–134.0) | 0.50 |
 Respiratory rate/min | 20.0 (18.0–22.0) | 20.0 (18.0–23.0) | 20.0 (18.0–22.0) | 0.25 |
 Body temperature, °C | 37.7 (36.8–38.7) | 37.8 (36.9–38.8) | 37.6 (36.7–38.5) | 0.005 |
 Altered mentation | 115 (12.8) | 71 (15.1) | 44 (10.3) | 0.03 |
Laboratory values | ||||
 White blood cell, /μL | 8100 (3000–15,360) | 8000 (2870–15,300) | 8300 (3140–15,545) | 0.56 |
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.2 (8.6–11.6) | 10.2 (8.5–11.6) | 10.1 (8.8–11.8) | 0.19 |
 Platelet count, × 1000/μL | 143.0 (71.0–232.0) | 143.0 (68.0–228.0) | 142.5 (77.0–242.5) | 0.53 |
 PT, INR | 1.29 (1.15–1.47) | 1.28 (1.17–1.46) | 1.30 (1.15–1.48) | 0.96 |
 Albumin, g/dL | 2.8 (2.3–3.2) | 2.8 (2.4–3.3) | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | 0.21 |
 BUN, mg/dL | 24.6 (17.4–38.3) | 24.3 (17.0–36.0) | 25.0 (18.0–41.0) | 0.17 |
 Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.25 (0.89–1.90) | 1.19 (0.87–1.85) | 1.32 (0.91–1.95) | 0.06 |
 CRP, mg/dL | 12.8 (6.1–22.1) | 12.3 (6.5–21.7) | 13.2 (5.6–23.6) | 0.55 |
 Lactic acid, mmol/L | 3.6 (2.0–5.5) | 3.4 (1.9–5.3) | 3.7 (2.2–5.8) | 0.03 |
Severity score | ||||
 SOFA score | 8.0 (6.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 8.0 (6.0–11.0) | 0.002 |
 APACHE II score | 20.0 (15.0–26.0) | 19.0 (14.0–25.0) | 21.0 (15.0–27.0) | 0.04 |
 Quick SOFA score | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.50 |
 NEWS | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–9.0) | 0.99 |
 MEWS | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–6.0) | 0.75 |
ICU admission | 499 (55.6) | 246 (52.5) | 253 (59.1) | 0.05 |
28-day mortality | 237 (26.4) | 120 (25.6) | 117 (27.3) | 0.55 |