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Table 3 Alcohol consumption with or without food and adjusted risk for poor clinical outcomes, stratified sub-groups based on average alcohol consumption

From: Association between patterns of alcohol consumption (beverage type, frequency and consumption with food) and risk of adverse health outcomes: a prospective cohort study

N = 309,123. Number used for analysis N = 286,115 (92.6%) used for analysis after excluding missing values.

Alcohol consumed with/without food

All-cause mortality

MACE

Liver cirrhosis

Accidents/self-harm/assaults

New cancer (all-cause) incidence

Alcohol cancer incidence

Events = 8869 (2.9%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Events = 5246 (1.7%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Events = 838 (0.3%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Events = 16,818 (5.4%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Events = 27,543 (8.9%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Events = 6529 (2.1%)

HR with 95% CI; p value

Yes (reference) N = 133,545 (43.2%)

3289 (2.5%)

1

1937 (1.4%)

1

228 (0.2%)

1

6819 (5.1%)

1

12,441 (9.3%)

1

3100 (2.3%)

1

No N = 63,514 (20.6%)

2603 (4.1%)

1.10 (1.02–1.17); p = 0.01

1482 (2.3%)

1.08 (0.99–1.17); p = 0.09

304 (0.5%)

0.88 (0.71–1.11); p = 0.29

4004 (6.3%)

1.03 (0.98–1.08); p = 041

5551 (8.7%)

0.96 (0.92–1.00); p = 0.05

1173 (1.8%)

0.94 (0.87–1.02); p = 0.14

Mixed N = 112,064 (36.2%)

2977 (2.7%)

1.01 (0.96–1.07); p = 0.75

1827 (1.6%)

1.01 (0.94–1.09); p = 0.77

306 (0.3%)

1.00 (0.82–1.22); p = 0.96

5995 (5.3%)

1.00 (0.97–1.04); p = 0.82

9551 (8.5%)

1.00 (0.97–1.03); p = 0.96

2256 (2%)

0.98 (0.92–1.04); p = 0.50

Global p value for heterogeneity

–

< 0.01

–

< 0.01

–

< 0.01

–

< 0.01

–

< 0.01

–

0.03

  1. Legend: HR hazard ratio, CI confidence intervals, MACE major adverse cardiovascular event. Alcohol new cancers = breast, colon, rectum, larynx, liver and oesophagus. All results adjusted for age, sex, Townsend score for socio-economic deprivation (continuous), average weekly alcohol units (continuous), frequency of alcohol consumption, type of alcohol consumed, smoking habits, BMI, physical activity levels, number of long-term conditions, self-rated health and C-reactive protein levels at baseline. MACE events model adjusted for all the above plus presence of diabetes, hypertension, systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol levels at baseline. Cirrhosis events model adjusted for all of the above plus gamma glutamyl transpeptidase levels at baseline