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Table 1 Baseline characteristics per comorbidity cluster

From: Model-based comorbidity clusters in patients with heart failure: association with clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization

 

Low-burden (n = 83,577)

Metabolic-vascular (n = 73,284)

Ischemic (n = 83,283)

Anemia (n = 14,959)

Metabolic (n = 63,281)

Overall (n = 318,384)

Age

 Median [IQR]

71 [60, 79]

73 [66, 80]

78 [70, 82]

73 [62, 81]

67 [57, 74]

73 [63, 80]

Sex

 Female

42,440 (50.8%)

36,716 (50.1%)

40,818 (49.0%)

9529 (63.7%)

34,017 (53.8%)

163,520 (51.4%)

 Male

41,137 (49.2%)

36,568 (49.9%)

42,465 (51.0%)

5430 (36.3%)

29,264 (46.2%)

154,864 (48.6%)

Comorbidities

 AF

26,090 (31.2%)

35,031 (47.8%)

44,233 (53.1%)

1968 (13.2%)

16,844 (26.6%)

124,166 (39.0%)

 CAD

43,999 (52.6%)

63,890 (87.2%)

73,417 (88.2%)

1771 (11.8%)

32,617 (51.5%)

215,694 (67.7%)

 CVA

15,165 (18.1%)

44,157 (60.3%)

58,088 (69.7%)

3691 (24.7%)

8314 (13.1%)

129,415 (40.6%)

 PAD

10,766 (12.9%)

56,137 (76.6%)

64,058 (76.9%)

4010 (26.8%)

6676 (10.5%)

141,647 (44.5%)

 Hypertension

74,082 (88.6%)

72,855 (99.4%)

81,502 (97.9%)

13,890 (92.9%)

60,897 (96.2%)

303,226 (95.2%)

 Anemia

7609 (9.1%)

30,174 (41.2%)

33,804 (40.6%)

14,415 (96.4%)

10,224 (16.2%)

96,226 (30.2%)

 Diabetes

281 (0.3%)

73,081 (99.7%)

0 (0%)

2597 (17.4%)

63,263 (100.0%)

139,222 (43.7%)

 Obesity

2854 (3.4%)

25,323 (34.6%)

1688 (2.0%)

259 (1.7%)

36,812 (58.2%)

66,936 (21.0%)

 Renal failure

3585 (4.3%)

31,489 (43.0%)

16,081 (19.3%)

6059 (40.5%)

9854 (15.6%)

67,068 (21.1%)

 COPD

19,045 (22.8%)

37,795 (51.6%)

46,656 (56.0%)

4779 (31.9%)

18,113 (28.6%)

126,388 (39.7%)

 Cancer

11,227 (13.4%)

18,097 (24.7%)

25,782 (31.0%)

4947 (33.1%)

7599 (12.0%)

67,652 (21.2%)

 Liver disease

4506 (5.4%)

13,861 (18.9%)

8447 (10.1%)

3212 (21.5%)

8353 (13.2%)

38,379 (12.1%)

 Peptic ulcer

2274 (2.7%)

5168 (7.1%)

5418 (6.5%)

1074 (7.2%)

2089 (3.3%)

16,023 (5.0%)

 Dementia

4708 (5.6%)

5905 (8.1%)

10,913 (13.1%)

1897 (12.7%)

1567 (2.5%)

24,990 (7.8%)

 Depression

7950 (9.5%)

15,019 (20.5%)

14,723 (17.7%)

3947 (26.4%)

9647 (15.2%)

51,286 (16.1%)

 Alcohol misuse disorder

2335 (2.8%)

1862 (2.5%)

2845 (3.4%)

866 (5.8%)

1480 (2.3%)

9388 (2.9%)

No. of comorbidities at baseline

 2 or less

31,692 (37.9%)

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

374 (2.5%)

2773 (4.4%)

34,849 (10.9%)

 3 to 4

46,386 (55.5%)

1413 (1.9%)

12,859 (15.4%)

6939 (46.4%)

27,130 (42.9%)

94,727 (29.8%)

 5 to 6

5453 (6.5%)

23,548 (32.1%)

46,257 (55.5%)

6426 (43%)

27,668 (43.7%)

109,352 (34.3%)

 7 to 8

46 (0.1%)

33,594 (45.8%)

20,804 (25%)

1151 (7.7%)

5540 (8.8%)

61,135 (19.2%)

 Over 9

0 (0%)

14,729 (20.1%)

3363 (4%)

69 (0.5%)

160 (0.3%)

18,321 (5.8%)

Inpatient diagnosis (vs. outpatient diagnosis)

38,052 (45.5%)

40,079 (54.7%)

45,411 (54.5%)

8057 (53.9%)

31,845 (50.3%)

163,444 (51.3%)

Business line

 Medicare Advantage

50,158 (60.0%)

58,336 (79.6%)

63,766 (76.6%)

10,467 (70.0%)

37,752 (59.7%)

220,479 (69.2%)

 Commercial

33,419 (40.0%)

14,948 (20.4%)

19,517 (23.4%)

4492 (30.0%)

25,529 (40.3%)

97,905 (30.8%)

Race

 White

60,104 (71.9%)

48,509 (66.2%)

61,596 (74.0%)

9517 (63.6%)

41,694 (65.9%)

221,420 (69.5%)

 Black

10,277 (12.3%)

12,043 (16.4%)

9772 (11.7%)

2828 (18.9%)

11,322 (17.9%)

46,242 (14.5%)

 Hispanic

5200 (6.2%)

6786 (9.3%)

4711 (5.7%)

1162 (7.8%)

4916 (7.8%)

22,775 (7.2%)

 Asian

2064 (2.5%)

1332 (1.8%)

1619 (1.9%)

398 (2.7%)

947 (1.5%)

6360 (2.0%)

 Missing

5932 (7.1%)

4614 (6.3%)

5585 (6.7%)

1054 (7.0%)

4402 (7.0%)

21,587 (6.8%)

Education

 Less than 12 grade

213 (0.3%)

333 (0.5%)

202 (0.2%)

50 (0.3%)

249 (0.4%)

1047 (0.3%)

 High school diploma

26,027 (31.1%)

27,893 (38.1%)

27,614 (33.2%)

5239 (35.0%)

23,724 (37.5%)

110,497 (34.7%)

 Less than bachelor degree

44,827 (53.6%)

37,696 (51.4%)

44,452 (53.4%)

7643 (51.1%)

33,086 (52.3%)

167,704 (52.7%)

 Bachelor degree plus

11,994 (14.4%)

6811 (9.3%)

10,511 (12.6%)

1918 (12.8%)

5801 (9.2%)

37,035 (11.6%)

 Missing

516 (0.6%)

551 (0.7%)

503 (0.6%)

109 (0.7%)

421 (0.7%)

2101 (0.7%)

Income (in US dollars)

 < $40,000

23,672 (28.3%)

25,282 (34.5%)

27,664 (33.2%)

4762 (31.8%)

20,137 (31.8%)

101,517 (31.9%)

 $40,000–$74,000

21,529 (25.8%)

19,643 (26.8%)

21,849 (26.2%)

3600 (24.1%)

16,672 (26.3%)

83,293 (26.2%)

 $75,000–$124,999

17,020 (20.4%)

12,704 (17.3%)

14,310 (17.2%)

2435 (16.3%)

12,621 (19.9%)

59,090 (18.6%)

 $125,000–$199,999

6551 (7.8%)

3684 (5.0%)

4341 (5.2%)

891 (6.0%)

4102 (6.5%)

19,569 (6.1%)

 $200,000+

3602 (4.3%)

1360 (1.9%)

1957 (2.3%)

423 (2.8%)

1642 (2.6%)

8984 (2.8%)

 Missing

11,203 (13.4%)

10,611 (14.5%)

13,162 (15.8%)

2848 (19.0%)

8107 (12.8%)

45,931 (14.4%)

Medication at baseline

 Cardioselective beta-blockers

26,936 (32.2%)

32,949 (45.0%)

36,051 (43.3%)

4351 (29.1%)

22,095 (34.9%)

122,382 (38.4%)

 Non-cardioselective beta-blockers

11,602 (13.9%)

13,169 (18.0%)

11,643 (14.0%)

1882 (12.6%)

9463 (15.0%)

47,759 (15.0%)

 ACEi/ARBs

33,005 (39.5%)

41,120 (56.1%)

37,711 (45.3%)

5925 (39.6%)

31,073 (49.1%)

148,834 (46.7%)

 MRA

3091 (3.7%)

3893 (5.3%)

2864 (3.4%)

733 (4.9%)

3233 (5.1%)

13,814 (4.3%)

 Thiazide

9444 (11.3%)

12,071 (16.5%)

10,997 (13.2%)

1964 (13.1%)

9809 (15.5%)

44,285 (13.9%)

 Loop diuretics

19,171 (22.9%)

28,629 (39.1%)

24,597 (29.5%)

4772 (31.9%)

21,361 (33.8%)

98,530 (30.9%)

 Potassium-sparing diuretics

44 (0.1%)

90 (0.1%)

71 (0.1%)

23 (0.2%)

72 (0.1%)

300 (0.1%)

 Double therapy (ACEi/ARBs + any beta-blocker)

19,842 (23.7%)

27,291 (37.2%)

24,207 (29.1%)

2990 (20.0%)

18,142 (28.7%)

92,472 (29.9%)

 Triple therapy (ACEi/ARB + any beta blocker + MRA)

1530 (1.8%)

1905 (2.6%)

1273 (1.5%)

179 (1.2%)

1475 (2.3%)

6362 (2.0%)

  1. Abbreviations: IQR inter-quartile range, AF atrial fibrillation, CAD coronary artery disease, CVA cerebrovascular disease, PAD peripheral artery disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, No. number, US United States, ACEis angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists