Table 1 Maternal and newborn characteristics of 235 toddlers included in the analysis by ZIKV exposure status
In utero ZIKV exposure (N = 156) | ZIKV unexposed (N = 79) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
Age at time of pregnancy (years) | |||
Mean ± SD | 30.7 ± 6.3 | 28.6 ± 6.0 | 0.01 |
Interquartile range | 26–36 | 25–33 | |
Occupation—n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
- Student | 5 (3.2) | 3 (3.8) | |
- Self-employed/business owner/farmer | 11 (7.1) | 2 (2.5) | |
- Executive/highly skilled worker | 22 (14.1) | 10 (12.7) | |
- Intermittent profession | 10 (6.4) | 24 (30.4) | |
- Salaried employee | 60 (38.5) | 16 (20.2) | |
- Not employed | 47 (30.1) | 24 (30.4) | |
- Unknown or declined to respond | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
Educational attainment of mother—n (%) | 0.04 | ||
- Primary | 30 (19.2) | 7 (8.9) | |
- Secondary | 47 (30.1) | 31 (39.2) | |
- Tertiary | 66 (42.3) | 39 (49.4) | |
- Unknown or declined to respond | 13 (8.3) | 2 (2.5) | |
Educational attainment of father—n (%) | 0.04 | ||
- Primary | 22 (14.1) | 4 (5.1) | |
- Secondary | 39 (25.0) | 28 (35.4) | |
- Tertiary | 32 (20.5) | 22 (27.8) | |
- Unknown or declined to respond | 62 (39.7) | 25 (31.6) | |
Residence—n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
- Guadeloupe | 88 (56.4) | 12 (15.1) | |
- Martinique | 65 (41.7) | 63 (79.7) | |
- French Guiana | 3 (1.9) | 4 (5.1) | |
Parity—n (%) | 0.05 | ||
0 | 64 (41.0) | 41 (51.9) | |
1 | 51 (32.7) | 27 (34.2) | |
2 | 25 (16.0) | 3 (3.9) | |
3+ | 16 (10.3) | 8 (10.1) | |
Previous adverse pregnancy outcomes—n (%) | |||
- Congenital abnormalities | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | – |
- Stillbirth* | 6 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 0.18 |
- Medical termination of pregnancy* | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
Lifestyle practices during 2016–2017 pregnancy—n (%) | |||
- Alcohol consumption* | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
- Drug use* | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.4) | 1 |
- Smoking* | 5 (3.2) | 5 (6.8) | 0.38 |
- Use of mosquito repellents* | 116 (75.3) | 47 (61.0) | 0.04 |
- Use of larvicides* | 91 (59.5) | 44 (59.5) | 1 |
Newborn characteristics | |||
Gestational age (weeks) | |||
Mean ± SD | 39.1 ± 1.3 | 39.1 ± 1.5 | 0.84 |
Delivery type—n (%)* | |||
Cesarean | 29 (18.6) | 8 (10.1) | 0.13 |
- Guadeloupe | 17/88 (19.3) | 2/12 (16.7) | 1 |
- Martinique | 10/64 (15.6) | 5/63 (7.9) | 0.29 |
- French Guiana | 2/3 (66.7) | 1/4 (25.0) | 0.49** |
Sex—n (%) | |||
Male | 70 (44.9) | 40 (50.6) | 0.49 |
Birth weight (g) | |||
Mean | 3176 ± 476 | 3196 ± 451 | 0.75 |
Medical consultations since birth—n (%)* | |||
- Hospitalization > 1 day | 33 (21.1) | 17 (21.5) | 1 |
- Emergency room consultation | 84 (54.5) | 52 (65.8) | 0.13 |
- Osteopath consultation | 28 (18.1) | 13 (16.7) | 0.93 |
- Psychomotor therapist consultation | 3 (2.0) | 1 (1.3) | 1 |
- Psychologist consultation | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 1 |
- Speech therapist consultation | 5 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 0.26 |
- Chest physiotherapist consultation | 44 (28.2) | 29 (35.4) | 0.32 |
- Physiotherapist consultation | 6 (3.9) | 2 (2.6) | 0.89 |