Cancer | Main read codes | Potential site-specific confounders | No. patients | Exposure: any prescription | Exposure: ≥ 6 items (v < 6 items) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted for comorbidities†| Adjusted for comorbidities†and smoking | Adjusted for comorbidities†| Adjusted for comorbidities†and smoking | |||||||||||||
No. signals | No. signals | No. signals | No. signals | |||||||||||||
Cases | Controls | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | |||
Breast§ | B34 | Oophorectomy, hysterectomy | 12,269 | 57,064 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 15 | 7 | 4 | 43 | 9 | 7 | 53 | 7 | 6 |
Lung | B22 | Pneumonia, tuberculosis | 9489 | 41,472 | 38 | 26 | 19 | 28 | 14 | 9 | 67 | 22 | 18 | 67 | 14 | 13 |
Colorectal | B13 | Gallstones, acromegaly | 8674 | 37,935 | 36 | 13 | 7 | 35 | 12 | 3 | 60 | 12 | 12 | 72 | 9 | 8 |
Prostate§§ | B46 | Vasectomy, prostatitis, Parkinson’s | 7471 | 32,087 | 42 | 11 | 5 | 42 | 6 | 5 | 75 | 15 | 13 | 89 | 9 | 9 |
Bladder | B49 | Kidney transplant | 3229 | 13,907 | 61 | 15 | 5 | 70 | 13 | 8 | 89 | 6 | 5 | 110 | 7 | 7 |
Malignant melanoma | B32 | Parkinson’s, transplant | 2460 | 11,332 | 71 | 8 | 5 | 71 | 3 | 2 | 120 | 3 | 2 | 135 | 0 | 0 |
Oesophagus | B10 | HPV, achalasia | 2402 | 10,467 | 76 | 16 | 12 | 81 | 11 | 9 | 126 | 8 | 8 | 146 | 7 | 7 |
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | B60,B62, B6y, B6z | Helicobacter pylori, transplant, anaemia, coeliac disease, hepatitis B/C, STDs, breast implant | 2077 | 9395 | 92 | 17 | 11 | 95 | 9 | 4 | 132 | 7 | 6 | 137 | 3 | 3 |
Leukaemia | B64-B69 | Anaemia, transplant, neurofibromatosis | 1998 | 8839 | 81 | 6 | 3 | 88 | 4 | 1 | 131 | 4 | 4 | 143 | 6 | 5 |
Oral (inc. head, neck, nasal) | B0, B20, B550 | HPV, transplant | 1467 | 6717 | 113 | 14 | 8 | 112 | 9 | 4 | 152 | 5 | 5 | 148 | 5 | 4 |
Stomach | B11 | Transplant, anaemia, helicobacter pylori, low stomach acid | 1433 | 6192 | 84 | 7 | 4 | 91 | 6 | 3 | 129 | 2 | 2 | 143 | 2 | 2 |
Ovary§ | B44 | Endometriosis, hysterectomy, sterilisation | 1417 | 6514 | 93 | 8 | 4 | 100 | 5 | 2 | 126 | 5 | 5 | 136 | 1 | 1 |
Kidney | B4A | Tuberous sclerosis, hypertension, hysterectomy, kidney stone, polycystic kidney disease | 1353 | 6070 | 90 | 9 | 3 | 94 | 3 | 2 | 137 | 5 | 3 | 145 | 3 | 3 |
Pancreas | B17 | Peptic ulcer, helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B/C, gallstones, metabolic syndrome | 1069 | 4729 | 105 | 8 | 2 | 104 | 5 | 1 | 144 | 5 | 4 | 156 | 5 | 4 |
Cervix and other gynae§ | B454., B450., B41, B441., B420. | HPV, STDs, transplant, intra-uterine device | 1039 | 4844 | 107 | 7 | 3 | 115 | 5 | 1 | 155 | 1 | 1 | 173 | 0 | 0 |
Uterus§ | B40, B43 | Polycystic ovarian syndrome, hyperinsulinemia, use of IUD | 1010 | 4700 | 103 | 14 | 10 | 103 | 4 | 3 | 139 | 14 | 10 | 149 | 5 | 5 |
Larynx | B21 | HPV, transplant | 741 | 3321 | 140 | 12 | 6 | 147 | 5 | 3 | 158 | 4 | 4 | 174 | 0 | 0 |
Brain and CNS | B51,B52 | Neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis | 732 | 3396 | 121 | 2 | 1 | 125 | 2 | 1 | 151 | 2 | 1 | 154 | 1 | 0 |
Myeloma | B63 | MGUS, transplant, anaemia, ankylosing spondylitis | 541 | 2393 | 137 | 5 | 2 | 142 | 4 | 3 | 142 | 1 | 1 | 157 | 1 | 1 |
Liver | B15 | Hepatitis B/C, haemochromatosis, gallstones | 528 | 2334 | 133 | 1 | 0 | 140 | 3 | 0 | 156 | 4 | 3 | 148 | 1 | 1 |
Thyroid | B53 | Acromegaly | 341 | 1614 | 172 | 5 | 2 | 174 | 10 | 6 | 139 | 2 | 2 | 140 | 1 | 1 |
Anal | B14 | HPV, transplant, anal fissures, STDs | 279 | 1258 | 149 | 3 | 2 | 167 | 3 | 3 | 143 | 2 | 2 | 151 | 2 | 2 |