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Table 1 Characteristics of hospitals and patients by group allocation during the baseline period, Shanghai, China

From: A cluster-randomized field trial to reduce cesarean section rates with a multifaceted intervention in Shanghai, China

 

Intervention Group (N = 5498)

Control group (N = 5254)

Hospitals

 Type of hospital, no. (%)

  Tertiary hospitals

1941 (35.3)

1813 (34.5)

  Secondary hospitals

3557 (64.7)

3441 (65.5)

Patients

 Maternal age at delivery, years

  < 18 years, no. (%)

12 (0.2)

19 (0.4)

  18–34 years, no. (%)

4842 (89.9)

4686 (90.1)

  ≥ 35 years, no. (%)

533 (9.9)

494 (9.5)

  Missing

111

55

 Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2

22.0 ± 3.2

22.3 ± 3.3

 Parity, no. (%)

  0

3546 (64.5)

3399 (64.7)

  1

1828 (33.3)

1715 (32.7)

  ≥ 2

121 (2.2)

137 (2.6)

  Missing

3

3

 Gestational age at delivery, no. (%)

  <  37 weeks

312 (5.7)

292 (5.6)

  37–41 weeks

5167 (94.0)

4948 (94.2)

  ≥ 42 weeks

19 (0.4)

14 (0.3)

 Previous cesarean deliveries, no. (%)

  No

4722 (86.0)

4516 (86.1)

  Yes

768 (14.0)

727 (13.9)

  Missing

8

11

 Risk level of pregnancy, no. (%)

  Low

2830 (51.5)

2671 (50.8)

  High

2668 (48.5)

2583 (49.2)

 Presentation of the baby

  Cephalic

5088 (94.7)

4964 (95.7)

  Breech/transverse/oblique lie

284 (5.3)

222 (4.3)

  Missing

126

68

 Mode of delivery

  Vaginal delivery

3034 (55.2)

3003 (57.2)

  Assisted vaginal delivery

128 (2.3)

70 (1.3)

  Planned cesarean delivery

2000 (36.4)

1855 (35.3)

  Intrapartum cesarean delivery

336 (6.1)

326 (6.2)

 Birth outcome

  Live birth

5479 (99.7)

5236 (99.7)

  Fetal death

14 (0.3)

13 (0.3)

  Stillbirth

1 (0.02)

2 (0.04)

  Neonatal death

4 (0.07)

3 (0.06)

 Neonatal birthweight, g

  < 1500, no. (%)

16 (0.3)

17 (0.3)

  1500–2499, no. (%)

185 (3.4)

191 (3.6)

  2500–3999, no. (%)

4901 (89.2)

4663 (88.8)

  ≥ 4000, no. (%)

395 (7.2)

383 (7.3)

  Missing

1

0

  1. Outcome: twins combined
  2. Neonatal admission to ICU: twins combined