Table 4 Univariate rate ratios for severe COVID-19 associated with dispensing of each BNF subparagraph code, restricted to those without a listed condition and not resident in a care home, filtered to show only drug classes with at least 50 exposed individuals and p < 0.001

103050: Proton pump inhibitors

4643

228

1.84 (1.51, 2.23)

7×10⁻¹⁰

104020: Antimotility drugs

262

20

2.84 (1.60, 5.05)

4×10⁻⁴

105010: Aminosalicylates

148

15

3.55 (1.83, 6.89)

2×10⁻⁴

106040: Osmotic laxatives

1251

78

2.33 (1.71, 3.18)

1×10⁻⁷

401020: Anxiolytics

485

41

2.17 (1.46, 3.23)

1×10⁻⁴

402010: Antipsychotic drugs

165

25

3.89 (2.29, 6.62)

5×10⁻⁷

403010: Tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs

1037

64

1.86 (1.36, 2.54)

9×10⁻⁵

403040: Other antidepressant drugs

498

48

2.74 (1.89, 3.97)

1×10⁻⁷

407010: Non-opioid analgesics and compound preparations

4202

223

2.05 (1.68, 2.50)

1×10⁻¹²

407020: Opioid analgesics

1028

79

2.32 (1.72, 3.13)

3×10⁻⁸

408010: Control of epilepsy

746

51

2.31 (1.63, 3.28)

3×10⁻⁶

501012: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

571

41

2.28 (1.53, 3.39)

5×10⁻⁵

501013: Broad-spectrum penicillins

1155

69

1.92 (1.42, 2.62)

3×10⁻⁵

603020: Use of corticosteroids

333

33

3.36 (2.11, 5.35)

3×10⁻⁷

901011: Oral iron

409

26

2.81 (1.66, 4.78)

1×10⁻⁴

901020: Drugs used in megaloblastic anaemias

1018

56

2.14 (1.51, 3.04)

2×10⁻⁵

904020: Enteral nutrition

99

17

5.8 (2.7, 12.2)

5×10⁻⁶

906026: Thiamine hydrochloride (B1)

122

15

3.11 (1.59, 6.07)

9×10⁻⁴

906040: Vitamin D

1730

73

1.85 (1.33, 2.58)

3×10⁻⁴

1001010: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

1438

86

1.71 (1.31, 2.22)

7×10⁻⁵

1003020: Rubefacients, topical NSAIDS, capsaicin and poultice

1780

80

1.61 (1.21, 2.14)

1×10⁻³