Table 1 Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the mother and neonate pairs for the total population and subsets
From: Lower iodine storage in the placenta is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus
Characteristics | Total population (n = 471) | Plasma insulin concentration (n = 371) | Cord plasma HOMA (n = 224) | Maternal plasma HOMA (n = 190) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother | ||||
 Age, years | 29.4 (4.4) | 29.3 (4.3) | 29.0 (4.3) | 29.4 (4.3) |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6 (4.8) | 24.2 (4.4) | 24.9 (4.9) | 24.6 (4.5) |
 Net weight gain, kg | 13.9 (5.8) | 14.2 (5.6) | 14.5 (5.7) | 14.3 (5.7) |
 Gestational diabetes mellitus | ||||
  No | 451 (95.7%) | 371 (100%) | 224 (100%) | 190 (100%) |
  Yes | 20 (4.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
 Hypertension | ||||
  No | 443 (94.1%) | 350 (94.3%) | 224 (100%) | 190 (100%) |
  Yes | 28 (5.9%) | 21 (5.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
 Self-reported tobacco use | ||||
  Non-smoker | 303 (64.3%) | 240 (64.7%) | 144 (64.3%) | 130 (68.4%) |
  Cessation before pregnancy | 123 (26.1%) | 94 (25.3%) | 59 (26.3%) | 45 (23.7%) |
  Smoked during pregnancy | 45 (9.6%) | 37 (10.0%) | 21 (9.4%) | 15 (7.9%) |
 Alcohol consumption | ||||
  None | 407 (86.4%) | 322 (86.8%) | 192 (85.7%) | 169 (89.0%) |
  Yesa | 64 (13.6%) | 49 (13.2%) | 32 (14.3%) | 21 (11.0%) |
 Maternal educationb | ||||
  Low | 61 (13.0%) | 52 (14.0%) | 31 (13.8%) | 30 (15.8%) |
  Middle | 157 (33.3%) | 119 (32.1%) | 77 (34.4%) | 65 (34.2%) |
  High | 253 (53.7%) | 200 (53.9%) | 116 (51.8%) | 95 (50.0%) |
Newborn | ||||
 Gestational age, weeks | 39.9 (1.0) | 39.9 (1.0) | 40.0 (0.9) | 39.9 (0.9) |
 Birth weight, g | 3462 (424) | 3455 (423) | 3430 (427) | 3481 (418) |
 Birth length, cmc | 50.3 (1.9) | 50.3 (1.9) | 50.5 (1.9) | 50.4 (1.9) |
 Sex | ||||
  Male | 242 (51.4%) | 192 (51.8%) | 117 (52.2%) | 104 (54.7%) |
 Ethnicityd |  |  |  |  |
  European | 411 (87.3%) | 323 (87.1%) | 192 (85.7%) | 156 (82.1%) |
  Non-European | 60 (12.7%) | 48 (12.9%) | 32 (14.2%) | 34 (17.9%) |
 Parity | ||||
  1 | 249 (52.8%) | 205 (55.3%) | 110 (49.1%) | 102 (53.7%) |
  2 | 159 (33.8%) | 121 (32.6%) | 79 (35.3%) | 58 (30.5%) |
  ≥ 3 | 63 (13.4%) | 45 (12.1%) | 35 (15.6%) | 30 (15.8%) |
 Season at delivery | ||||
  Winter (Dec 21 to March 20) | 109 (23.1%) | 84 (22.6%) | 49 (21.9%) | 41 (21.6%) |
  Spring (March 21 to June 20) | 112 (23.8%) | 90 (24.3%) | 55 (24.5%) | 45 (23.7%) |
  Summer (June 21 to Sept 22) | 136 (28.9%) | 106 (28.6%) | 60 (26.8%) | 54 (28.4%) |
  Autumn (Sept 23 to Dec 20) | 114 (24.2%) | 91 (24.5%) | 60 (26.8%) | 50 (26.3%) |
 Placental iodine concentration, μg/kg | 26.1 (4.3) | 26.1 (4.1) | 26.1 (4.5) | 26.5 (4.6) |
 Cord plasma insulin, pmol/L | – | 36.2 (31.2) | – | – |
 Maternal plasma insulin, pmol/L | – | 107.2 (188.4) | – | – |
 Cord plasma glucose, mmol/L | – | 4.5 (1.1) | – | – |
 Maternal plasma glucose, mmol/L | – | 4.6 (1.5) | – | – |
 HOMA-IR index | – | – | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.5 (1.6) |
 β-cell activity, % | – | – | 106.6 (52.0) | 134.8 (65.2) |
 Urinary iodine concentration, μg/Le | 69.8 (58.3) |  |  |  |