Table 1 Baseline characteristics of HFpEF patients stratified according to the C2HEST score risk strata
Variables | Total population (n = 2202) | Low risk (n = 1116) | Medium risk (n = 913) | High risk (n = 173) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment arm (spirolactone) | 1098, 49.9% | 543, 48.7% | 465, 50.9% | 90, 50.2% | 0.499 |
Demographic | |||||
 Age (years) | 67.01 ± 9.44 | 63.03 ± 6.72 | 69.45 ± 10.02 | 79.77 ± 4.01 | < 0.001 |
 Age ≥ 75 years | 514, 23.3% | 0, 0.0% | 341, 37.3% | 173, 100.0% | < 0.001 |
 Male gender | 997, 45.3% | 449, 40.2% | 455, 49.8% | 93, 53.8% | < 0.001 |
 White race | 1923, 87.3% | 965, 86.5% | 811, 88.8% | 147, 85.0% | 0.177 |
 Current smoking | 280, 12.7% | 136, 12.2% | 138, 15.1% | 6, 3.5% | < 0.001 |
 Ever smoking | 732, 33.2% | 301, 27.0% | 346, 37.9% | 85, 49.1% | < 0.001 |
 Alcohol drinking | 443, 20.1% | 228, 20.4% | 176, 19.3% | 39, 22.7% | 0.556 |
Physical examination | |||||
 Heart rate (bpm) | 68.61 ± 10.14 | 69.27 ± 10.21 | 68.02 ± 10.06 | 67.49 ± 9.83 | 0.007 |
 SBP (mmHg) | 130.61 ± 13.93 | 131.15 ± 13.88 | 130.07 ± 13.89 | 130.01 ± 14.45 | 0.187 |
 DBP (mmHg) | 76.70 ± 10.68 | 78.51 ± 10.40 | 75.51 ± 10.52 | 71.27 ± 10.61 | < 0.001 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 32.05 ± 7.18 | 32.64 ± 7.58 | 31.66 ± 6.90 | 30.32 ± 5.48 | < 0.001 |
 NYHA class (III or IV) | 650, 29.5% | 262, 23.5% | 319, 34.9% | 69, 39.9% | < 0.001 |
 eGFR [mL/(min*1.73m2)] | 69.19 ± 20.80 | 71.62 ± 21.20 | 67.91 ± 20.00 | 60.31 ± 19.40 | < 0.001 |
Medical history | |||||
 Previous MI | 634, 28.8% | 29, 2.6% | 477, 52.2% | 128, 74.0% | < 0.001 |
 Previous stroke | 146, 6.6% | 57, 5.1% | 65, 7.1% | 24, 13.9% | < 0.001 |
 COPD | 231, 10.5% | 8, 0.7% | 167, 18.3% | 56, 32.4% | < 0.001 |
 Asthma | 145, 6.6% | 62, 5.6% | 66, 7.2% | 17, 9.8% | 0.064 |
 Hypertension | 2024, 91.9% | 996, 89.2% | 855, 93.6% | 173, 100.0% | < 0.001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 1297, 58.9% | 559, 50.1% | 606, 66.4% | 132, 76.3% | < 0.001 |
 Thyroid disease | 274, 12.4% | 123, 11.0% | 122, 13.4% | 29, 16.8% | 0.057 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 752, 34.2% | 368, 33.0% | 314, 34.4% | 70, 40.5% | 0.151 |
 Peripheral artery disease | 217, 9.9% | 66, 5.9% | 126, 13.8% | 25, 14.5% | < 0.001 |
Medications | |||||
 ACEIs or ARBs | 1880, 85.4% | 978, 87.7% | 771, 84.4% | 131, 75.7% | < 0.001 |
 Beta blockers | 1728, 78.5% | 860, 77.1% | 733, 80.3% | 135, 78.0% | 0.225 |
 Diuretics | 1728, 78.5% | 901, 80.8% | 679, 74.4% | 148, 85.5% | < 0.001 |
 CCBs | 875, 39.7% | 464, 41.6% | 329, 36.0% | 82, 47.4% | 0.004 |
 Statins | 1143, 51.9% | 479, 43.0% | 549, 60.1% | 115, 66.5% | < 0.001 |
 Aspirin | 1622, 73.7% | 776, 69.6% | 703, 77.0% | 143, 82.7% | < 0.001 |
 Warfarin | 88, 4.0% | 33, 3.0% | 44, 4.8% | 11, 6.4% | 0.027 |