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Table 2 Summary of permutation test on the proportion of individuals with decreased contacts and paired mean difference before and after restrictions

From: The impact of local and national restrictions in response to COVID-19 on social contacts in England: a longitudinal natural experiment

Comparison with proportion decreased

       

Restriction

Contacts

N

Adults

Children

Decreased

Same

Increased

P value

Local

exclude work and school

572

434

138

197 (34.4%)

252 (44.1%)

123 (21.5%)

< 0.001

ROS

exclude work and school

3884

3258

626

1314 (33.8%)

1573 (40.5%)

997 (25.7%)

< 0.001

10 pm

other

3887

3160

727

990 (25.5%)

2054 (52.8%)

843 (21.7%)

< 0.001

WFH

work

1408

1408

0

288 (20.5%)

933 (66.3%)

187 (13.3%)

< 0.001

T1 entry

exclude work and school

2415

1955

460

752 (31.1%)

993 (41.1%)

670 (27.7%)

0.017

T2 entry

exclude work and school

1654

1338

316

468 (28.3%)

823 (49.8%)

363 (21.9%)

< 0.001

T3 entry

exclude work and school

368

267

101

103 (28.0%)

188 (51.1%)

77 (20.9%)

0.034

T1 exit to LD

exclude school

2095

1764

331

750 (35.8%)

955 (45.6%)

390 (18.6%)

< 0.001

T2 exit to LD

exclude school

1455

1212

243

428 (29.4%)

732 (50.3%)

295 (20.3%)

< 0.001

T3 exit to LD

exclude school

323

236

87

85 (26.3%)

173 (53.6%)

65 (20.1%)

0.062

Comparison in mean difference

Median (IQR)

 

Mean

 

Restriction

Contacts

Before

After

 

Before

After

Difference (95% CI)

P value

Local

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 4)

2 (1 to 3)

 

3.18

2.49

− 0.69 (− 1.25 to − 0.17)

0.004

ROS

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.9

2.66

− 0.25 (− 0.5 to − 0.01)

0.045

10 pm

Other

0 (0 to 1)

0 (0 to 1)

 

1.37

1.38

0.01 (− 0.23 to 0.23)

0.915

WFH

Work

0 (0 to 1)

0 (0 to 0)

 

4.62

3.62

− 0.99 (− 1.94 to − 0.03)

0.042

T1 entry

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.79

2.66

− 0.13 (− 0.39 to 0.11)

0.305

T2 entry

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.42

2.56

0.14 (− 0.17 to 0.55)

0.473

T3 entry

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

3.09

2.32

− 0.77 (− 1.97 to − 0.03)

0.067

T1 exit to LD

Exclude school

2 (1 to 4)

2 (1 to 3)

 

4.21

2.81

− 1.40 (− 2.03 to − 0.85)

< 0.001

T2 exit to LD

Exclude school

2 (1 to 3)

1 (1 to 3)

 

3.4

2.97

− 0.42 (− 1.13 to 0.33)

0.247

T3 exit to LD

Exclude school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

3.08

3.54

0.46 (− 0.28 to 1.41)

0.343

  1. Two-sided p value calculated by counting the number of permutations where the magnitude of the test statistics is greater than the observed test statistics, and dividing by the number of permutations
  2. ROS Rule of Six, WFH encouraged to work from home, LD lockdown, T1 Tier 1, T2 Tier 2, T3 Tier 3, IQR inter-quartile range