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Table 3 Summary of permutation test on the proportion of individuals with decreased contacts and paired mean difference before and after 10 pm and Rule of Six restrictions by age

From: The impact of local and national restrictions in response to COVID-19 on social contacts in England: a longitudinal natural experiment

Comparison with proportion decreased

       

Restriction

Contacts

N

Adults

Children

Decreased

Same

Increased

P value

ROS

 5–17

Exclude work and school

464

0

464

167 (36%)

179 (38.6%)

118 (25.4%)

0.0022

 18–39

Exclude work and school

816

816

0

291 (35.7%)

343 (42%)

182 (22.3%)

< 0.001

 40–59

Exclude work and school

1193

1193

0

396 (33.2%)

488 (40.9%)

309 (25.9%)

0.0005

 60+

Exclude work and school

1225

1225

0

403 (32.9%)

475 (38.8%)

347 (28.3%)

0.0219

10 pm

 5–17

Exclude work and school

550

0

550

167 (30.4%)

239 (43.5%)

144 (26.2%)

0.1062

 18–39

Exclude work and school

813

813

0

243 (29.9%)

376 (46.2%)

194 (23.9%)

0.0103

 40–59

Exclude work and school

1134

1134

0

350 (30.9%)

507 (44.7%)

277 (24.4%)

0.002

 60+

Exclude work and school

1196

1196

0

395 (33%)

453 (37.9%)

348 (29.1%)

0.0452

Comparison in mean difference

Median (IQR)

 

Mean

 

Restriction

Contacts

Before

After

 

Before

After

Difference (95% CI)

P value

ROS

 5–17

Exclude work and school

3 (2 to 4)

3 (2 to 4)

 

3.93

4.09

0.17 (− 0.35 to 0.76)

0.5668

 18–39

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.89

2.3

− 0.59 (− 1.09 to − 0.04)

0.0183

 40–59

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.61

2.31

− 0.3 (− 0.67 to 0.03)

0.1055

 60+

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.56

2.6

0.04 (− 0.39 to 0.52)

0.8797

10 pm

 5–17

Exclude work and school

3 (2 to 4)

3 (2 to 4)

 

3.85

4.84

0.98 (0.28 to 1.81)

0.0115

 18–39

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

2 (1 to 3)

 

2.7

2.57

− 0.13 (− 0.72 to 0.5)

0.649

 40–59

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

1 (1 to 3)

 

2.4

2.54

0.14 (− 0.37 to 0.65)

0.6183

 60+

Exclude work and school

2 (1 to 3)

1 (1 to 3)

 

2.54

2.09

− 0.45 (− 0.88 to − 0.12)

0.0039

  1. Two-sided p value calculated by counting the number of permutations where the magnitude of the test statistics is greater than the observed test statistics, and dividing by the number of permutations
  2. ROS Rule of Six, IQR inter-quartile range