From: Sex differences in systemic metabolites at four life stages: cohort study with repeated metabolomics
G1 offspring | G0 parents | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Males | Females | |||||
Characteristics | N | N | N | N | ||||
Age (years) on first clinic occasion—mean (SD) | 3410 | 7.5 (0.3) | 3376 | 7.5 (0.3) | 1855 | 53.2 (5.3) | 4645 | 47.9 (4.5) |
Non-white ethnicity—% (N) | 3328 | < 5.0 (NA*) | 3422 | < 5.0 (NA*) | 4175 | < 5.0 (NA*) | 4219 | < 5.0 (NA*) |
Highest maternal education—% (N) | 3389 | 3470 | – | 4233 | ||||
Certificate of secondary education | 13.3 (450) | 14.0 (484) | – | 10.2 (430) | ||||
Vocational | 8.4 (286) | 8.4 (293) | – | 7.4 (313) | ||||
Ordinary level | 35.7 (1209) | 34.2 (1185) | – | 34.3 (1453) | ||||
Advanced level | 26.3 (891) | 26.9 (932) | – | 29.3 (1238) | ||||
Degree | 16.3 (553) | 16.6 (576) | – | 18.9 (799) | ||||
Highest partner education—% (N) | 3293 | 3378 | 4142 | – | ||||
Certificate of secondary education | 19.0 (625) | 21.5 (725) | 16.9 (699) | – | ||||
Vocational | 7.6 (251) | 7.7 (259) | 7.4 (308) | – | ||||
Ordinary level | 22.3 (734) | 21.4 (723) | 21.0 (869) | – | ||||
Advanced level | 28.1 (925) | 27.4 (926) | 29.3 (1213) | – | ||||
Degree | 23.0 (758) | 22.1 (745) | 25.4 (1053) | – | ||||
BMI on first clinic occasion—mean (SD) | 3385 | 16.1 (1.9) | 3350 | 16.4 (2.2) | 1831 | 27.5 (4.0) | 4629 | 26.6 (5.3) |
Maternal BMI pre-pregnancy—mean (SD) | 3163 | 22.9 (3.8) | 3246 | 22.8 (3.6) | – | – | 3991 | 22.5 (3.4) |
Partner BMI at pregnancy—mean (SD) | 2438 | 25.1 (3.1) | 2544 | 25.2 (3.3) | 1493 | 24.7 (3.0) | – | – |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy—% (N) | 3133 | 22.5 (706) | 3181 | 22.4 (713) | – | – | 3919 | 17.0 (665) |
Partner smoking during pregnancy—% (N) | 3271 | 29.7 (972) | 3333 | 31.6 (1054) | 4070 | 27.3 (1112) | – | |
Age (y) at peak height velocity—mean (SD) | 2404 | 13.6 (0.9) | 2688 | 11.7 (0.8) | – | – | – | – |
Menopause status (STRAW)—% (N) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3513 | |
Pre-menopause | – | – | – | 62.1 (2181) | ||||
Peri-menopause | – | – | – | 19.4 (680) | ||||
Post-menopause | – | – | – | 18.6 (652) |