Skip to main content

Table 3 Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of bladder cancer according to intake of non-starchy or starchy vegetable

From: Vegetable intake and the risk of bladder cancer in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study

Subgroup

Model

Non-starchy vegetable intake (g/day)

HR per 1 SD increase (95% CI)

P-trend

Starchy vegetable intake (g/day)

HR per 1 SD increase (95% CI)

P-trend

Low (0–108)

Medium (108–211)

High (> 211)

  

Low (0–7)

Medium (7–18)

High (> 18)

  

Overall

No. Cases

821

771

1570

  

692

491

331

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.00 (0.91–1.10)

0.96 (0.85–1.08)

0.99 (0.95–1.06)

0.476

Ref.

0.94 (0.83–1.05)

0.94 (0.81–1.08)

0.95 (0.89–1.02)

0.153

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.99 (0.89–1.08)

0.95 (0.84–1.06)

0.98 (0.91–1.04)

0.356

Ref.

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

0.95 (0.82–1.09)

0.96 (0.89–1.02)

0.209

NMIBC

No. Cases

407

391

469

  

357

235

194

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.05 (0.93–1.20)

0.97 (0.80–1.17)

0.99 (0.91–1.07)

0.722

Ref.

0.83 (0.70–0.98)

0.94 (0.77–1.13)

0.93 (0.85–1.01)

0.107

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.05 (0.92–1.20)

0.96 (0.79–1.16)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.404

Ref.

0.83 (0.71–0.99)

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

0.131

MIBC

No. Cases

175

223

375

  

290

226

124

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.03 (0.80–1.31)

0.99 (0.84–1.16)

0.98 (0.89–1.09)

0.713

Ref.

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

0.88 (0.70–1.11)

0.97 (0.87–1.08)

0.561

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.02 (0.80–1.31)

0.99 (0.84–1.16)

0.97 (0.88–1.08)

0.604

Ref.

1.05 (0.88–1.25)

0.89 (0.70–1.12)

0.98 (0.88–1.08)

0.639

Male

No. Cases

608

554

1212

  

571

406

245

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.02 (0.90–1.14)

1.02 (0.91–1.18)

1.00 (0.94–1.06)

0.764

Ref.

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

0.93 (0.79–1.09)

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

0.307

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

1.01 (0.89–1.16)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

0.979

Ref.

0.96 (0.84–1.09)

0.94 (0.80–1.11)

0.97 (0.89–1.04)

0.392

Female

No. Cases

213

217

358

  

121

85

86

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.91 (0.75–1.07)

0.77 (0.62–0.97)

0.88 (0.80–0.99)

0.039

Ref.

0.85 (0.64–1.12)

0.95 (0.70–1.30)

0.93 (0.80–1.07)

0.288

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.90 (0.75–1.08)

0.78 (0.63–0.97)

0.88 (0.79–0.98)

0.034

Ref.

0.85 (0.64–1.12)

0.96 (0.71–1.31)

0.93 (0.81–1.07)

0.310

Never smoker

No. Cases

152

163

327

  

112

91

91

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.06 (0.88–1.34)

1.07 (0.88–1.40)

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

0.619

Ref.

0.87 (0.66–1.15)

0.86 (0.64–1.17)

0.93 (0.82–1.07)

0.310

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.05 (0.88–1.35)

1.05 (0.87–1.38)

1.00 (0.91–1.10)

0.785

Ref.

0.87 (0.66–1.16)

0.86 (0.64–1.17)

0.90 (0.79–1.03)

0.116

Current smoker

No. Cases

371

309

494

  

270

149

67

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.01 (0.87–1.18)

0.97 (0.80–1.16)

0.91 (0.85–1.02)

0.072

Ref.

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

0.98 (0.74–1.29)

0.97 (0.84–1.12)

0.691

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.00 (0.86–1.17)

0.95 (0.79–1.14)

0.90 (0.84–1.00)

0.058

Ref.

0.93 (0.76–1.14)

0.98 (0.74–1.30)

0.92 (0.79–1.07)

0.299

Former smoker

No. Cases

298

299

749

  

310

251

173

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.94 (079–1.08)

0.91 (0.76–1.08)

0.99 (0.95–1.09)

0.604

Ref.

0.95 (0.81–1.13)

0.94 (0.77–1.15)

0.95 (0.87–1.04)

0.291

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.93 (0.78–1.09)

0.90 (0.75–1.05)

1.00 (0.94–1.11)

0.678

Ref.

0.96 (0.81–1.13)

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.357

  1. dModel 1: Adjusted for age (years, continuous), sex (male or female, if applicable), smoking (if applicable, smoking was defined as: 0 (never smokers); 1 [current light smokers (i.e. smoking less than 20 pack-years)]; 2 [current heavy smokers (i.e. smoking more than 20 pack-years)]; 3 [current smokers (no information on pack-years)]; 4 [former light smokers (i.e. smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and smoked less than 20 pack-years)]; 5 [former heavy smokers (i.e. smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and smoked more than 20 pack-years)]; 6 [former smokers (smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and no information on pack-years)]) and total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous)
  2. d, eModel 2: Additionally, ethnicity (Caucasian or non-Caucasian, if applicable), alcohol intake (ml/day, continuous), fat intake (g/day, continuous), meat intake (g/day, continuous), sugar intake (g/day, continuous) and grain intake (g/day, continuous)
  3. Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ml, millilitre; kcal, kilocalorie; g, gram
  4. Reference group was lowest intake (tertile 1)
  5. P-trend < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
Back to article page

BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

Contact us