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Table 4 Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of bladder cancer according to intake of green-leafy or cruciferous vegetable

From: Vegetable intake and the risk of bladder cancer in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study

Subgroup

Model

Green leaf vegetable intake (g/day)

HR per 1 SD increase (95% CI)

P-trend

Cruciferous vegetable intake (g/day)

HR per 1 SD increase (95% CI)

P-trend

Low (0–5)

Medium (5–23)

High (> 23)

Low (0–7)

Medium (7–18)

High (> 18)

Overall

No. Cases

871

1045

1246

  

939

1071

1152

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.99 (0.89–1.07)

0.95 (0.85–1.08)

1.00 (0.95–1.05)

0.841

Ref.

0.97 (0.88–1.05)

0.93 (0.82–1.05)

1.00 (0.94–1.02)

0.579

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.98 (0.90–1.08)

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

0.856

Ref.

0.96 (0.85–1.04)

0.92 (0.81–1.03)

0.98 (0.93–1.00)

0.612

NMIBC

No. Cases

406

438

423

  

336

382

549

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.99 (0.85–1.15)

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

0.465

Ref.

0.92 (0.78–1.07)

0.88 (0.72–1.07)

0.98 (0.90–1.06)

0.548

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.99 (0.85–1.15)

0.95 (0.78–1.16)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.404

Ref.

0.91 (0.78–1.08)

0.95 (0.78–1.15)

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

0.131

MIBC

No. Cases

165

240

368

  

165

240

368

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.92 (0.77–1.10)

0.82 (0.62–1.08)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.771

Ref.

0.94 (0.71–1.25)

0.92 (0.71–1.19)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.506

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.93 (0.77–1.11)

0.99 (0.61–1.07)

0.98 (0.86–1.12)

0.744

Ref.

0.95 (0.71–1.26)

0.93 (0.72–1.20)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.479

Male

No. Cases

659

777

938

  

712

802

860

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.00 (0.90–1.12)

0.95 (0.81–1.07)

0.98 (0.94–1.06)

0.136

Ref.

0.99 (0.86–1.09)

0.94 (0.79–1.08)

0.94 (0.88–1.07)

0.593

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.99 (0.89–1.11)

0.93 (0.80–1.06)

0.97 (0.93–1.05)

0.151

Ref.

0.98 (0.85–1.08)

0.92 (0.80–1.06)

0.93 (0.87–1.08)

0.624

Female

No. Cases

212

268

308

  

227

269

292

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.01 (0.80–1.25)

1.01 (0.85–1.19)

0.91 (0.81–1.00)

0.064

Ref.

0.92 (0.71–1.15)

0.90 (0.74–1.11)

0.89 (0.80–1.00)

0.063

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.99 (0.79–1.23)

0.99 (0.82–1.18)

0.90 (0.79–1.00)

0.062

Ref.

0.91 (0.71–1.16)

0.89 (0.72–1.09)

0.91 (0.79–1.01)

0.059

Never smoker

No. Cases

180

213

249

  

179

229

234

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.00 (0.81–1.24)

0.87 (0.67–1.13)

0.93 (0.82–1.04)

0.391

Ref.

1.02 (0.86–1.15)

1.01 (0.77–1.12)

0.92 (0.86–1.02)

0.167

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.99 (0.80–1.22)

0.85 (0.64–1.11)

0.92 (0.81–1.03)

0.401

Ref.

0.98 (0.76–1.10)

0.96 (0.74–1.09)

0.91 (0.80–1.01)

0.112

Current smoker

No. Cases

305

428

441

  

375

405

394

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

1.06 (0.91–1.22)

0.97 (0.79–1.15)

0.95 (0.84–1.01)

0.382

Ref.

1.03 (0.89–1.21)

0.90 (0.72–1.08)

0.98 (0.91–1.15)

0.574

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

1.05 (0.90–1.20)

0.95 (0.77–1.14)

0.93 (0.83–1.02)

0.355

Ref.

1.03 (0.88–1.20)

0.89 (0.71–1.07)

0.98 (0.89–1.10)

0.512

Former smoker

No. Cases

386

404

556

  

385

437

524

  

Model 1 d

Ref.

0.99 (0.80–1.17)

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

1.00 (0.94–1.11)

0.110

Ref.

0.95 (0.77–1.08)

0.89 (0.76–1.02)

0.98 (0.90–1.12)

0.472

Model 2 d, e

Ref.

0.97 (0.79–1.15)

0.92 (0.79–1.06)

0.99 (0.92–1.08)

0.109

Ref.

0.93 (0.80–1.07)

0.87 (0.75–1.01)

0.97 (0.87–1.11)

0.506

  1. dModel 1: Adjusted for age (years, continuous), sex (male or female, if applicable), smoking (if applicable, smoking was defined as: 0 (never smokers); 1 [current light smokers (i.e. smoking less than 20 pack-years)]; 2 [current heavy smokers (i.e. smoking more than 20 pack-years)]; 3 [current smokers (no information on pack-years)]; 4 [former light smokers (i.e. smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and smoked less than 20 pack-years)]; 5 [former heavy smokers (i.e. smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and smoked more than 20 pack-years)]; 6 [former smokers (smokers who ceased smoking over 1 year prior and no information on pack-years)]) and total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous)
  2. d, eModel 2: Additionally, ethnicity (Caucasian or non-Caucasian, if applicable), alcohol intake (ml/day, continuous), fat intake (g/day, continuous), meat intake (g/day, continuous), sugar intake (g/day, continuous) and grain intake (g/day, continuous)
  3. Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ml, millilitre; kcal, kilocalorie; g, gram
  4. Reference group was lowest intake (tertile 1)
  5. P-trend < 0.05 was considered statistically significant