Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with valid information on vital status on October 31, 2015, stratified by eGDR tertiles

n (%)

5218 (33.3)

5219 (33.3)

5219 (33.3)

Age, years

65.5 ± 11.3

68.3 ± 9.6

66.0 ± 9.8

< 0.0001

Gender, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Females

2096 (40.2)

2231 (42.7)

2427 (46.5)

 Males

3122 (59.8)

2988 (57.3)

2792 (53.5)

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Never

2960 (56.7)

2955 (56.6)

2934 (56.2)

 Former

1375 (26.4)

1528 (29.3)

1504 (28.8)

 Current

883 (16.9)

736 (14.1)

781 (15.0)

Diabetes duration, years

11.6 ± 10.0

13.7 ± 10.5

14.2 ± 9.9

< 0.0001

HbA_1c, mmol/mol

51.3 ± 13.1

55.6 ± 11.3

70.0 ± 17.8

< 0.0001

HbA_1c, %

6.84 ± 1.20

7.24 ± 1.03

8.56 ± 1.63

Anti-hyperglycaemic treatment, n (%)

< 0.0001

 Lifestyle

1029 (19.7)

743 (14.2)

341 (6.5)

 OHA

3198 (61.3)

3403 (65.2)

3019 (57.8)

 OHA + insulin

314 (6.0)

371 (7.1)

825 (15.8)

 Insulin

677 (13.0)

702 (13.5)

1035 (19.8)

BMI, kg/m²

25.61 ± 3.72

28.06 ± 3.06

33.22 ± 5.10

< 0.0001

Waist circumference, cm

95.7 ± 7.6

100.7 ± 6.21

111.1 ± 10.2

< 0.0001

Triglycerides, mmol/l

1.17 (0.86, 1.62)

1.32 (0.97, 1.84)

1.54 (1.13, 2.16)

< 0.0001

Total cholesterol, mmol/l

4.76 ± 0.96

4.75 ± 0.98

4.81 ± 1.03

0.015

HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

1.34 ± 0.37

1.29 ± 0.35

1.23 ± 0.33

< 0.0001

Non-HDL cholesterol, mmol/l

3.42 ± 0.91

3.46 ± 0.94

3.58 ± 0.99

< 0.0001

LDL cholesterol, mmol/l

2.81 ± 0.82

2.77 ± 0.84

2.77 ± 0.86

0.036

Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%)

2013 (38.6)

2607 (50.0)

2618 (50.2)

< 0.0001

Dyslipidaemia, n (%)

4090 (78.4)

4395 (84.2)

4371 (83.8)

< 0.0001

Systolic BP, mmHg

131.8 ± 16.7

140.6 ± 17.6

141.7 ± 18.2

< 0.0001

Diastolic BP, mmHg

76.8 ± 8,7

79.2 ± 9.4

80.3 ± 9.9

< 0.0001

Pulse pressure, mmHg

55.1 ± 14.6

61.4 ± 15.8

61.4 ± 15.7

< 0.0001

Anti-hypertensive therapy, n (%)

2234 (42.8)

4307 (82.5)

4532 (86.8)

< 0.0001

RAS blockers, n (%)

1798 (34.5)

3613 (69.2)

3929 (75.3)

< 0.0001

Hypertension, n (%)

2754 (52.8)

5150 (98.7)

5192 (99.5)

< 0.0001

Anti-platelet therapy, n (%)

1609 (30.8)

2306 (44.2)

2333 (44.7)

< 0.0001

Anti-coagulant therapy, n (%)

152 (2.9)

243 (4.7)

274 (5.3)

< 0.0001

DR, n (%)

< 0.0001

 No

4396 (84.2)

4128 (79.1)

3665 (70.2)

 Non-advanced

484 (9.3)

624 (11.9)

839 (16.1)

 Advanced

338 (6.5)

467 (8.9)

715 (13.7)

Albuminuria, mg/24 h

11.2 (5.8, 22.2)

13.1 (6.5, 32.5)

17.1 (8.1, 52.6)

< 0.0001

Albuminuria categories

< 0.0001

 A1 (normoalbuminuria)

4226 (81.0)

3842 (73.6)

3392 (65.0)

 A2 (microalbuminuria)

861 (16.5)

1160 (22.2)

1444 (27.7)

 A3 (macroalbuminuria)

131 (2.5)

217 (4.2)

383 (7.3)

Serum creatinine, μmol/l

70.8 ± 15.7

74.0 ± 17.0

114.2 ± 35.1

< 0.0001

eGFR, ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²

83.8 ± 20.1

78.3 ± 20.3

78.8 ± 22.0

< 0.0001

eGFR categories

< 0.0001

 G1 (> 90 ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²)

2253 (43.2)

1691 (32.4)

1832 (35.1)

 G2 (60–89 ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²)

2303 (44.1)

2533 (48.5)

2338 (44.8)

 G3 (30–59 ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²)

593 (11.4)

906 (17.4)

928 (17.8)

 G4–5 (< 30 ml·min⁻¹·1.73 m⁻²)

69 (1.3)

89 (1.7)

121 (2.3)

DKD phenotypes

< 0.0001

 No DKD

3837 (73.5)

3294 (63.1)

2853 (54,7)

 Albuminuric DKD with preserved eGFR

719 (13.8)

930 (17.8)

1317 (25.2)

 Nonalbuminuric DKD

389 (7.5)

548 (10.5)

539 (10.3)

 Albuminuric DKD with reduced eGFR

273 (5.2)

447 (8.6)

510 (9.8)

CVD, n (%)

 Any

889 (17.0)

1324 (25.4)

1407 (26.9)

< 0.0001

 Acute myocardial infarction

412 (7.9)

652 (12.5)

678 (13.0)

< 0.0001

 Coronary revascularization

361 (6.9)

578 (11.1)

640 (12.3)

< 0.0001

 Any coronary event

558 (10.7)

892 (17.1)

946 (18.1)

< 0.0001

 Stroke

134 (2.6)

190 (3.6)

189 (3.6)

0.002

 Carotid revascularization

191 (3.7)

303 (5.8)

362 (6.9)

< 0.0001

 Any cerebro-vascular event

307 (5.9)

467 (8.9)

518 (9.9)

< 0.0001

 Ulcer/gangrene/amputation

144 (2.8)

183 (3.5)

229 (4.4)

< 0.0001

 Lower limb revascularization

103 (2.0)

171 (3.3)

176 (3.4)

< 0.0001

 Any peripheral event

214 (4.1)

309 (5.9)

360 (6.9)

< 0.0001

Cancer, n (%)

358 (6.9)

359 (6.9)

314 (6.0)

0.127