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Table 2 HRs (95% CIs) of all-cause mortality according to cooking oil/fat consumption

From: Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals

 

Categories of individual cooking oil/fat consumption

 

Non-consumers

T1

T2

T3

P trend

Butter

 Median intake (IQR)

0

1.0 (0.4–2.0)

5.5 (4.2–6.9)

13.7 (10.7–18.8)

 

 Death cases/n

75,826/303,987

15,792/72,377

17,915/72,378

19,795/72,378

 

 Person-years

4,262,749

1,030,708

1,014,202

999,439

 

 Model 1a

1.00

0.88 (0.86–0.89)

1.02 (1.00–1.03)

1.14 (1.13–1.16)

< 0.001

 Model 2b

1.00

0.96 (0.94–0.97)

1.04 (1.02–1.06)

1.12 (1.10–1.14)

< 0.001

 Model 3c

1.00

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

1.05 (1.03–1.06)

1.09 (1.07–1.11)

< 0.001

Margarine

 Median intake (IQR)

0

2.4 (0.9–4.0)

9.3 (7.4–11.4)

20.6 (16.7–26.6)

 

 Death cases/n

32,633/134,374

29,070/128,915

32,583/128,916

35,042/128,915

 

 Person-years

1,888,086

1,829,523

1,804,411

1,785,077

 

 Model 1a

1.00

0.90 (0.89–0.92)

1.01 (0.99–1.02)

1.08 (1.06–1.09)

< 0.001

 Model 2b

1.00

0.94 (0.92–0.95)

0.99 (0.97–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

< 0.001

 Model 3c

1.00

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.07 (1.05–1.09)

< 0.001

Corn oil

 Median intake (IQR)

0

0.4 (0.2–0.5)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

3.4 (2.4–5.5)

 

 Death cases/n

98,499/399,360

9400/40586

10,240/40,587

11,189/40,587

 

 Person-years

5,605,569

574,055

567,538

559,935

 

 Model 1a

1.00

0.95 (0.93–0.97)

1.03 (1.01–1.05)

1.12 (1.10–1.14)

< 0.001

 Model 2b

1.00

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

1.02 (1.00–1.04)

0.21

 Model 3c

1.00

0.97 (0.94–0.99)

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.092

Canola oil

 Median intake (IQR)

0

0.4 (0.2–0.5)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

3.2 (2.3–5.3)

 

 Death cases/n

95,507/376,913

10,571/48,069

11,129/48,069

12,121/48,069

 

 Person-years

5,269,352

684,537

680,475

672,733

 

 Model 1a

1.00

0.88 (0.86–0.89)

0.91 (0.89–0.92)

0.98 (0.96–0.99)

< 0.001

 Model 2b

1.00

0.94 (0.93–0.96)

0.96 (0.94–0.97)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

< 0.001

 Model 3c

1.00

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

< 0.001

Olive oil

 Median intake (IQR)

0

0.4 (0.3–0.5)

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

3.8 (2.6–6.2)

 

 Death cases/n

91,948/353,766

11,878/55,784

12,386/55,785

13,116/55,785

 

 Person-years

4,930,793

796,402

793,033

786,869

 

 Model 1a

1.00

0.85 (0.84–0.87)

0.87 (0.86–0.89)

0.91 (0.89–0.93)

< 0.001

 Model 2b

1.00

0.94 (0.92–0.96)

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

0.97 (0.95–0.99)

< 0.001

 Model 3c

1.00

0.96 (0.94–0.99)

0.97 (0.95–0.98)

0.96 (0.95–0.98)

< 0.001

  1. HRs (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, T tertile
  2. aAdjusted for age and sex
  3. bAdditionally adjusted for BMI (in kg/m2; < 18.5, 18.5 to 25, 25 to 30, 30 to 35, ≥ 35, or missing), race (white, black, Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native, or unknown/missing), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate, or unknown/missing), marital status (married/living as married or widowed/divorced/separated/never married/unknown), household income (quintiles), smoking (never smoked; quit, ≤ 20 cigarettes a day; quit, > 20 cigarettes a day; currently smoking, ≤ 20 cigarettes a day; currently smoking, > 20 cigarettes a day; or unknown), alcohol (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, or ≥ 30 g/day), vigorous physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, ≥ 5 times/week, or unknown/missing), usual activity at work (sit all day, sit much of the day/walk sometimes, stand/walk often/no lifting, lift/carry light loads, and carry heavy loads), perceived health condition (excellent, very good, good, fair or poor),and history of heart disease (yes or no), stroke (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), and cancer (yes or no) at baseline
  4. cAdditionally adjusted for Healthy Eating Index-2015, total energy intake, and consumption of remaining oils where appropriate (butter, margarine, lard, corn oil, canola oil, olive oil, and other vegetable oils)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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