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Table 3 HRs (95% CIs) of CVD and diabetes mortality according to cooking oil/fat consumption

From: Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals

 

Categories of individual cooking oil/fat consumption

 

Non-consumers

T1

T2

T3

P trend

Cardiovascular disease mortality

 Butter

  Death cases/n

23,406/303,987

4623/72,377

5213/72,378

5505/72,378

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.83 (0.80–0.86)

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.93 (0.90–0.96)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

1.07 (1.04–1.11)

< 0.001

  Model 3c

1.00

0.96 (0.93–1.00)

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

1.08 (1.05–1.12)

< 0.001

 Margarine

  Death cases/n

9305/134,374

8630/128,915

9901/128,916

10,911/128,915

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.93 (0.90–0.96)

1.06 (1.03–1.09)

1.17 (1.14–1.21)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.95 (0.92–0.98)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

< 0.001

  Model 3c

1.00

1.01 (0.97–1.04)

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

1.10 (1.06–1.14)

< 0.001

 Corn oil

  Death cases/n

29,443/399,360

2830/40,586

3068/40,587

3406/40,587

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.97 (0.93–1.01)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

1.14 (1.10–1.18)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.99 (0.96–1.03)

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

0.22

  Model 3c

1.00

1.01 (0.96–1.05)

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.78

 Canola oil

  Death cases/n

28,520/376,913

3149/48,069

3362/48,069

3716/48,069

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.89 (0.85–0.92)

0.93 (0.89–0.96)

1.01 (0.97–1.04)

0.70

  Model 2b

1.00

0.96 (0.92–1.00)

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

0.97 (0.94–1.01)

0.080

  Model 3c

1.00

0.99 (0.95–1.04)

0.98 (0.94–1.02)

0.97 (0.94–1.00)

0.052

 Olive oil

  Death cases/n

27,962/353,766

3377/55,784

3578/55,785

3830/55,785

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.81 (0.78–0.84)

0.84 (0.81–0.87)

0.88 (0.85–0.91)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.95 (0.92–0.98)

0.95 (0.92–0.98)

0.002

  Model 3c

1.00

0.93 (0.89–0.97)

0.95 (0.92–0.99)

0.95 (0.92–0.99)

0.001

Diabetes mortality

 Butter

  Death cases/n

389/72,377

427/72,378

537/72,378

3512/72,378

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.75 (0.67–0.83)

0.84 (0.76–0.94)

1.10 (1.00–1.21)

0.062

  Model 2b

1.00

0.93 (0.84–1.04)

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

0.037

  Model 3c

1.00

0.97 (0.86–1.09)

0.99 (0.89–1.11)

1.18 (1.06–1.32)

0.004

 Margarine

  Death cases/n

782/134,374

732/128,915

896/128,916

1102/128,915

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.94 (0.85–1.04)

1.16 (1.05–1.27)

1.44 (1.32–1.58)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.97 (0.88–1.07)

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

1.06 (0.96–1.16)

0.091

  Model 3c

1.00

1.05 (0.93–1.18)

1.08 (0.97–1.21)

1.12 (1.00–1.26)

0.047

 Corn oil

  Death cases/n

2670/399,360

235/40,586

296/40,587

311/40,587

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.88 (0.77–1.00)

1.09 (0.97–1.23)

1.15 (1.03–1.30)

0.009

  Model 2b

1.00

0.94 (0.82–1.08)

1.06 (0.94–1.19)

0.95 (0.85–1.07)

0.56

  Model 3c

1.00

0.96 (0.83–1.12)

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

0.41

 Canola oil

  Death cases/n

2560/376,913

270/48,069

325/48,069

357/48,069

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.84 (0.74–0.95)

1.00 (0.89–1.12)

1.09 (0.97–1.21)

0.14

  Model 2b

1.00

0.99 (0.87–1.12)

1.10 (0.98–1.23)

0.99 (0.88–1.10)

0.95

  Model 3c

1.00

1.07 (0.92–1.24)

1.08 (0.96–1.22)

0.99 (0.88–1.11)

0.96

 Olive oil

  Death cases/n

2635/353,766

257/55,784

309/55,785

311/55,785

 

  Model 1a

1.00

0.64 (0.56–0.73)

0.76 (0.67–0.85)

0.75 (0.67–0.84)

< 0.001

  Model 2b

1.00

0.85 (0.75–0.97)

0.97 (0.86–1.09)

0.87 (0.77–0.98)

0.022

  Model 3c

1.00

0.84 (0.72–0.98)

0.94 (0.83–1.06)

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

0.019

  1. HRs (95% CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. CI confidence interval, HR hazard ratio, T tertile
  2. aAdjusted for age and sex
  3. bAdditionally adjusted for BMI (in kg/m2; < 18.5, 18.5 to 25, 25 to 30, 30 to 35, ≥ 35, or missing), race (white, black, Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native, or unknown/missing), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate, or unknown/missing), marital status (married/living as married or widowed/divorced/separated/never married/unknown), household income (quintiles), smoking (never smoked; quit, ≤ 20 cigarettes a day; quit, > 20 cigarettes a day; currently smoking, ≤ 20 cigarettes a day; currently smoking, > 20 cigarettes a day; or unknown), alcohol (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–29.9, or ≥ 30 g/day), vigorous physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, 3–4 times/week, ≥5 times/week, or unknown/missing), usual activity at work (sit all day, sit much of the day/walk sometimes, stand/walk often/no lifting, lift/carry light loads, and carry heavy loads), perceived health condition (excellent, very good, good, fair or poor), and history of heart disease (yes or no), stroke (yes or no), diabetes (yes or no), and cancer (yes or no) at baseline
  4. cAdditionally adjusted for Healthy Eating Index-2015, total energy intake, and consumption of remaining oils where appropriate (butter, margarine, lard, corn oil, canola oil, olive oil, and other vegetable oils)