Feature | High-risk | Low-risk | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Patient characteristics | |||
 Total, N (%) | 120 (17.96) | 548 (82.04) |  |
 Female, n (%) | 65 (54.17) | 158 (28.83) | < 0.001 |
 Age, median (IQR) | 45.48 (34.99–55.58) | 52.18 (42.03–65.93) | < 0.001 |
 BAME, n (%) | *(−) | 15 (2.74) | 0.500 |
 In a relationship, n (%) | 23 (19.17) | 82 (14.96) | 0.252 |
 Death during follow-up | 13 (10.83) | 94 (17.15) | 0.087 |
Lithium exposure characteristics | |||
 Lithium treatment duration (years), median (IQR) | 1.23 (0.54–3.07) | 1.61 (0.61–3.84) | 0.087 |
 Ever lithium toxic (> 1.5 mmol/L), n (%) | 7 (5.83) | 36 (6.57) | 0.867 |
 Follow-up after stopping lithium (years), median (IQR) | 8.01 (2.68–12.08) | 4.77 (0.97–9.77) | 0.001 |
Kidney function characteristics | |||
 Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 95 (92–100) | 100 (94–108) | < 0.001 |
 Developed CKD stage 3a or more severe (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 34 (28.33) | (↓)* | < 0.001 |
 Developed CKD stage 3b or more severe (eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2) | (↑)* | (↓)* | < 0.001 |
Pre-lithium mental health characteristics | |||
 Depression, n (%) | 97 (80.83) | 423 (77.19) | 0.384 |
 Anxiety, n (%) | 34 (28.33) | 188 (34.31) | 0.208 |
 Psychosis, n (%) | 26 (21.67) | 133 (24.27) | 0.544 |
 Stress, n (%) | 14 (11.67) | 71 (12.96) | 0.701 |
 Self-harm, n (%) | 24 (20.00) | 84 (15.33) | 0.208 |
 Disturbed sleep, n (%) | 24 (20.00) | 113 (20.62) | 0.879 |
 Illness duration (years), median (IQR) | 7.43 (1.81–12.87) | 7.26 (2.53–17.79) | 0.687 |
Pre-lithium physical health characteristics | |||
 Hypertension, n (%) | 20 (16.67) | 140 (25.55) | 0.039 |
 Migraine, n (%) | 9 (7.50) | 35 (6.39) | 0.656 |
 Type II diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 7 (5.83) | 58 (10.58) | 0.112 |
 Thyroid disease | |||
  Hypothyroidism, n (%) | (−)* | 24 (4.38) | 0.604 |
  Hyperthyroidism, n (%) | (−)* | (−)* | 0.507 |
 Calcium abnormalities | |||
  hypocalcaemia, n (%) | (−)* | (−)* | 0.934 |
  hypercalcaemia, n (%) | (−)* | 6 (1.09) | 0.799 |
 Cholesterol abnormalities | |||
  High LDL, n (%) | 29 (24.17) | 97 (17.70) | 0.101 |
  Low HDL, n (%) | 12 (10.00) | 46 (8.39) | 0.572 |
 Asthma, n (%) | 25 (20.83) | 75 (13.69) | 0.047 |
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 29 (24.17) | 100 (18.25) | 0.137 |
 Anaemia, n (%) | (−)* | 20 (3.65) | 0.532 |
 Peptic ulcer, n (%) | (−)* | 16 (2.92) | 0.189 |
 Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 5 (4.17) | 49 (8.94) | 0.082 |
 Liver disease, n (%) | (−)* | 8 (1.46) | 0.590 |
 Neurological disorders, n (%) | 6 (5.00) | 41 (7.48) | 0.4336 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 5 (4.17) | 11 (2.01) | 0.161 |
 Weight loss, n (%) | (−)* | 11 (2.01) | 0.381 |
 Ever eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 16 (13.33) | 105 (19.16) | 0.133 |
Health behaviours | |||
 Smoking status, n (%) |  |  | 0.001 |
  Never smoked | 26 (21.67) | 197 (35.95) |  |
  Current smoker | 62 (51.67) | 193 (35.22) |  |
  Ex-smoker | 32 (26.67) | 158 (28.83) |  |
 Body mass index, n (%) |  |  | 0.534 |
  Underweight | (−)* | 9 (1.28) |  |
  Healthy weight | 47 (39.17) | 227 (41.42) |  |
  Overweight | 36 (30.00) | 187 (34.12) |  |
  Obese | 35 (29.17) | 127 (23.18) |  |
 Cannabis use, n (%) | (−)* | 6 (1.09) | 0.799 |
 Other substance misuse, n (%) | 7 (5.83) | 19 (3.47) | 0.225 |
 Alcohol misuse, n (%) | 8 (6.67) | 47 (8.58) | 0.491 |
Other drug treatments | Â | Â | Â |
 Antipsychotic previously, n (%) | 65 (54.17) | 269 (49.09) | 0.314 |
 Mood stabiliser previously, n (%) | 34 (28.33) | 117 (21.35) | 0.098 |
 SSRI previously, n (%) | 31 (25.83) | 126 (22.99) | 0.506 |
 TCA previously, n (%) | 19 (15.83) | 120 (21.90) | 0.138 |
 Other antidepressant previously, n (%) | 16 (13.33) | 60 (10.95) | 0.456 |