Skip to main content

Table 5 Characteristics of lithium prescribed patients by risk group in patients with baseline eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2

From: Prediction of individuals at high risk of chronic kidney disease during treatment with lithium for bipolar disorder

Feature

High-risk

Low-risk

P value

Patient characteristics

 Total, N (%)

120 (17.96)

548 (82.04)

 

 Female, n (%)

65 (54.17)

158 (28.83)

< 0.001

 Age, median (IQR)

45.48 (34.99–55.58)

52.18 (42.03–65.93)

< 0.001

 BAME, n (%)

*(−)

15 (2.74)

0.500

 In a relationship, n (%)

23 (19.17)

82 (14.96)

0.252

 Death during follow-up

13 (10.83)

94 (17.15)

0.087

Lithium exposure characteristics

 Lithium treatment duration (years), median (IQR)

1.23 (0.54–3.07)

1.61 (0.61–3.84)

0.087

 Ever lithium toxic (> 1.5 mmol/L), n (%)

7 (5.83)

36 (6.57)

0.867

 Follow-up after stopping lithium (years), median (IQR)

8.01 (2.68–12.08)

4.77 (0.97–9.77)

0.001

Kidney function characteristics

 Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR)

95 (92–100)

100 (94–108)

< 0.001

 Developed CKD stage 3a or more severe (eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)

34 (28.33)

(↓)*

< 0.001

 Developed CKD stage 3b or more severe (eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2)

(↑)*

(↓)*

< 0.001

Pre-lithium mental health characteristics

 Depression, n (%)

97 (80.83)

423 (77.19)

0.384

 Anxiety, n (%)

34 (28.33)

188 (34.31)

0.208

 Psychosis, n (%)

26 (21.67)

133 (24.27)

0.544

 Stress, n (%)

14 (11.67)

71 (12.96)

0.701

 Self-harm, n (%)

24 (20.00)

84 (15.33)

0.208

 Disturbed sleep, n (%)

24 (20.00)

113 (20.62)

0.879

 Illness duration (years), median (IQR)

7.43 (1.81–12.87)

7.26 (2.53–17.79)

0.687

Pre-lithium physical health characteristics

 Hypertension, n (%)

20 (16.67)

140 (25.55)

0.039

 Migraine, n (%)

9 (7.50)

35 (6.39)

0.656

 Type II diabetes mellitus, n (%)

7 (5.83)

58 (10.58)

0.112

 Thyroid disease

  Hypothyroidism, n (%)

(−)*

24 (4.38)

0.604

  Hyperthyroidism, n (%)

(−)*

(−)*

0.507

 Calcium abnormalities

  hypocalcaemia, n (%)

(−)*

(−)*

0.934

  hypercalcaemia, n (%)

(−)*

6 (1.09)

0.799

 Cholesterol abnormalities

  High LDL, n (%)

29 (24.17)

97 (17.70)

0.101

  Low HDL, n (%)

12 (10.00)

46 (8.39)

0.572

 Asthma, n (%)

25 (20.83)

75 (13.69)

0.047

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)

29 (24.17)

100 (18.25)

0.137

 Anaemia, n (%)

(−)*

20 (3.65)

0.532

 Peptic ulcer, n (%)

(−)*

16 (2.92)

0.189

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

5 (4.17)

49 (8.94)

0.082

 Liver disease, n (%)

(−)*

8 (1.46)

0.590

 Neurological disorders, n (%)

6 (5.00)

41 (7.48)

0.4336

 Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%)

5 (4.17)

11 (2.01)

0.161

 Weight loss, n (%)

(−)*

11 (2.01)

0.381

 Ever eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%)

16 (13.33)

105 (19.16)

0.133

Health behaviours

 Smoking status, n (%)

  

0.001

  Never smoked

26 (21.67)

197 (35.95)

 

  Current smoker

62 (51.67)

193 (35.22)

 

  Ex-smoker

32 (26.67)

158 (28.83)

 

 Body mass index, n (%)

  

0.534

  Underweight

(−)*

9 (1.28)

 

  Healthy weight

47 (39.17)

227 (41.42)

 

  Overweight

36 (30.00)

187 (34.12)

 

  Obese

35 (29.17)

127 (23.18)

 

 Cannabis use, n (%)

(−)*

6 (1.09)

0.799

 Other substance misuse, n (%)

7 (5.83)

19 (3.47)

0.225

 Alcohol misuse, n (%)

8 (6.67)

47 (8.58)

0.491

Other drug treatments

   

 Antipsychotic previously, n (%)

65 (54.17)

269 (49.09)

0.314

 Mood stabiliser previously, n (%)

34 (28.33)

117 (21.35)

0.098

 SSRI previously, n (%)

31 (25.83)

126 (22.99)

0.506

 TCA previously, n (%)

19 (15.83)

120 (21.90)

0.138

 Other antidepressant previously, n (%)

16 (13.33)

60 (10.95)

0.456

  1. *n < 5 individuals, (↓) lower % in group, (↑) higher % in group, (−) no evidence of difference between groups