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Table 1 Characteristics of the UK Biobank cohort by sleep apnoea status

From: Associations of sleep apnoea with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration: an analysis in the United Kingdom Biobank and the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging

Variable

Sleep apnoea

N = 9182

Non-sleep apnoea

N = 493,231

OR (95% CI)2

Sex

Women

2636 (28.7%)

270,711 (54.9%)

1 [reference]

Men

6546 (71.3%)

222,520 (45.1%)

3.02 (2.89–3.16)

Age at recruitment

Mean (SD), years

57.5 ± 7.6

57.0 ± 8.1

1.08 (1.06–1.11) per 10-year increase

Ethnicity

White

8529 (92.9%)

464,135 (94.1%)

1 [reference]

Asian

241 (2.6%)

11,208 (2.3%)

1.17 (1.03–1.33)

Black

184 (2.0%)

7873 (1.6%)

1.27 (1.09–1.47)

Others

228 (2.5%)

10,015 (2.0%)

1.24 (1.08–1.41)

Smoking

Current

1271 (14.0%)

51,695 (10.5%)

1 [reference]

Never

4001 (43.9%)

269,489 (55.0%)

0.60 (0.57–0.64)

Previous

3838 (42.1%)

169,213 (34.5%)

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

Townsend deprivation score

Mean (SD)

− 0.62 ± 3.28

− 1.31 ± 3.09

1.07 (1.06–1.07)

WHR

Mean (SD)

0.95 ± 0.09

0.87 ± 0.09

2.60 (2.54–2.66) per 0.1-unit increase

Obesity

No

1841 (20.1%)

253,644 (51.4%)

1 [reference]

Yes

7341 (79.9%)

239,587 (48.6%)

4.22 (4.01–4.45)

SBP

Mean (SD), mm Hg

139.84 ± 17.61

137.85 ± 18.70

1.06 (1.05–1.07) per 10-mmHg increase

HDL cholesterol

Mean (SD), mmol/L

1.23 ± 0.32

1.45 ± 0.38

0.14 (0.13–0.15)

Total cholesterol

Mean (SD), mmol/L

5.33 ± 1.20

5.70 ± 1.14

0.74 (0.73–0.76)

Presence of diabetes

No

7547 (82.8%)

465,900 (94.9%)

1 [reference]

Yes

1565 (17.2%)

24,832 (5.1%)

3.89 (3.68–4.11)

Presence of cardiovascular problems

No

4201 (46.0%)

346,736 (70.6%)

1 [reference]

Yes

4939 (54.0%)

144,361 (29.4%)

2.82 (2.71–2.94)

AMD1

No

8802 (95.9%)

481,685 (97.7%)

1 [reference]

Yes

380 (4.1%)

11,546 (2.3%)

1.80 (1.62–2.00)

Glaucoma1

No

8756 (95.7%)

479,252 (97.4%)

1 [reference]

Yes

390 (4.3%)

12,733 (2.6%)

1.68 (1.51–1.86)

  1. AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio
  2. 1AMD and glaucoma cases represent all prevalent and incident cases
  3. 2The ORs were calculated using univariate logistic regression models