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Table 3 Child anthropometric outcomes

From: The effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions among pregnant women with overweight or obesity on early childhood outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis from randomised trials

Outcome

Intervention, n=1292f

Control, n=1237f

Unadjusted estimate (95% CI)

Unadjusted p

τ  unadjusted modeld

Adjusted estimate (95% CI)

Adjusted p

Ï„ adjusted modeld

BMIz >90th percentilea

380/1262 (30.11)

355/1208 (29.39)

0.84 (0.53, 1.33)

0.449

0.24

0.97 (0.87, 1.08)

0.610

0.00

Weight (kg)b

16.79 (2.94)

16.88 (3.30)

2.80 (−4.37, 9.97)

0.362

6.70

0.17 (−1.19, 1.52)

0.341

0.00

Height (cm)b

100.07 (6.81)

100.49 (7.29)

16.85 (−26.48, 60.19)

0.363

40.56

1.00 (−0.93, 2.94)

0.132

0.31

Head circumference (cm)b

50.46 (1.78)

50.48 (1.74)

12.78 (−27.42, 52.99)

0.386

25.02

0.54 (−1.04, 2.11)

0.204

0.25

BMI (kg/m2)b

16.66 (1.54)

16.58 (1.50)

2.94 (−4.38, 10.26)

0.349

6.85

0.24 (−0.15, 0.63)

0.136

0.15

Weight z-scorec

0.69 (0.98)

0.64 (1.01)

0.19 (−0.13, 0.52)

0.186

0.27

0.05 (−0.53, 0.63)

0.446

0.00

Height z-scorec

0.19 (0.99)

0.18 (1.01)

0.09 (−734.51, 734.69)

0.540

0.00

–

–

–e

Head circumference z-scorec

0.76 (1.16)

0.74 (1.11)

0.20 (−0.43, 0.82)

0.370

0.32

0.04 (−0.45, 0.53)

0.701

0.11

BMI z-scorec

0.84 (1.04)

0.78 (1.02)

0.22 (−0.21, 0.64)

0.243

0.37

0.05 (−0.55, 0.66)

0.427

0.00

Weight for length (WFL) z-scorec

0.84 (1.04)

0.78 (1.03)

0.21 (−0.28, 0.69)

0.319

0.40

0.07 (−1.56, 1.70)

0.425

0.00

Abdomen circumference (cm)b

52.13 (4.04)

52.08 (4.30)

8.97 (−13.64, 31.57)

0.355

21.15

0.65 (−0.41, 1.72)

0.133

0.37

Arm circumference (cm)b

17.22 (1.61)

17.10 (1.60)

5.77 (−18.40, 29.93)

0.412

9.68

0.27 (−5.66, 6.19)

0.311

0.00*

Biceps skinfold (mm)b

7.23 (2.70)

7.16 (2.62)

1.72 (−4.16, 7.61)

0.420

3.64

0.10 (−2.55, 2.75)

0.572

0.00*

Triceps skinfold (mm)b

11.40 (3.30)

11.22 (3.13)

2.01 (−3.24, 7.26)

0.370

4.89

0.27 (−0.50, 1.04)

0.238

0.12

Subscapular skinfold (mm)b

6.85 (2.29)

6.87 (2.51)

1.12 (−1.90, 4.14)

0.384

2.81

0.02 (−0.45, 0.48)

0.910

0.17

Fat mass (kg)b

3.91 (1.41)

3.95 (1.36)

0.95 (−1.30, 3.19)

0.306

1.76

0.03 (−0.89, 0.95)

0.737

0.00

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b

100.05 (8.62)

100.18 (8.52)

17.48 (−26.55, 61.51)

0.354

41.15

1.33 (−2.15, 4.82)

0.180

0.00*

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b

60.49 (8.60)

59.92 (8.44)

11.03 (−15.78, 37.84)

0.338

25.04

1.00 (−0.95, 2.95)

0.205

0.87

  1. aBinary outcome: descriptives are number/total and percentage; estimates are relative risk of BMI z-score > 90th percentile (intervention/control) and 95% confidence interval from a mixed-effects GLM (log Poisson with robust variance)
  2. bContinuous outcome: descriptives are mean (SD); estimates are difference in means (intervention − control) and 95% confidence interval from a linear mixed model. Adjusted models included maternal BMI, parity (0 vs 1+), age, child sex and actual age at follow-up as covariates
  3. cContinuous outcome: descriptives and estimates as above. Adjusted models included maternal BMI, parity (0 vs 1+) and age at trial entry as covariates
  4. dEstimated standard deviation of the random intervention effect (assumed ~ N(0, τ2)), indicating heterogeneity of treatment effect. Estimates marked with ‘*’ were extremely unstable with very large standard errors and should therefore be interpreted with caution
  5. eAdjusted model did not converge
  6. fNumber of children from all studies for whom data on any 3–5-year follow-up outcome was available
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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