The effects of dietary and lifestyle interventions among pregnant women with overweight or obesity on early childhood outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis from randomised trials

Table 6 Maternal diet outcomes

Outcome	Intervention (n=1224)^b	Control (n=1159)^b	Unadjusted estimate (95% CI)	Unadjusted p	τ unadjusted model^c	Adjusted estimate (95% CI)	Adjusted p	τ adjusted model^c
Mother energy (kJ)^a	7649.98 (3232.58)	7705.48 (2832.20)	2490.10 (−9919.95, 14900.15)	0.479	4966.20	−111.83 (−1496.28, 1272.61)	0.736	404.07
Mother fat (g)^a	65.87 (30.64)	66.96 (27.88)	20.77 (−87.10, 128.63)	0.494	43.15	−1.74 (−15.90, 12.42)	0.626	4.45
Mother protein (g)^a	93.16 (42.61)	92.51 (35.92)	31.39 (−111.14, 173.91)	0.443	56.98	1.11 (−40.42, 42.64)	0.668	0.01*
Mother carbohydrate (g)^a	221.42 (105.69)	223.80 (94.77)	70.96 (−293.58, 435.51)	0.490	145.81	−4.09 (−49.76, 41.59)	0.706	12.95
Mother fruits^a	2.07 (1.14, 3.64)	2.00 (1.07, 3.29)	1.14 (−2.82, 5.10)	0.338	1.51	0.36 (−2.16, 2.88)	0.591	0.86
Mother vegetables^a	4.93 (2.93, 7.71)	4.86 (3.00, 7.64)	2.02 (−7.29, 11.33)	0.449	3.68	0.18 (−2.81, 3.18)	0.804	0.96
Mother dairy^a	1.50 (0.86, 2.57)	1.50 (0.93, 2.57)	0.68 (−2.41, 3.76)	0.444	1.22	0.02 (−1.93, 1.98)	0.841	0.00
Mother extras^a	1.14 (0.64, 2.00)	1.21 (0.70, 2.21)	0.07 (−3.68, 3.82)	0.943	1.47	−0.41 (−2.92, 2.11)	0.555	0.94

^aDescriptives are mean (SD); estimates are difference in means (intervention − control) and 95% confidence interval from a linear mixed model. Adjusted models included maternal BMI category (25.0–29.9 vs ≥30.0), parity (0 vs 1+), age and elapsed time between delivery and follow-up
^bNumber of mothers from all studies for whom data on any 3–5-year follow-up outcome was available
^cEstimated standard deviation of the random intervention effect (assumed ~ N(0, τ²)), indicating heterogeneity of treatment effect. Estimates marked with ‘*’ were extremely unstable with very large standard errors and should therefore be interpreted with caution

ISSN: 1741-7015