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Fig. 1 | BMC Medicine

Fig. 1

From: Circulating vitamin C concentration and risk of cancers: a Mendelian randomization study

Fig. 1

Overview of the design of the present study. a Design of the Mendelian randomization analysis of putative causal associations of circulating vitamin C concentrations with risk of the site-specific cancers. 456,348 participants in the UK Biobank, 247,173 participants in the BCAC, 27,209 participants in the ILCCO, and 140,254 participants in the PRACTICAL were included. b Design of reverse Mendelian randomization analysis of putative causal associations of site-specific cancer risk with circulating vitamin C concentrations. 10,771 participants in the Fenland study, 16,841 in the EPIC-InterAct study, 7650 participants in the EPIC-CVD study, and 16,756 participants in the EPIC Norfolk study were included. c Meta-analysis of prospective studies exploring associations of dietary or supplemental vitamin C intakes with site-specific cancer risk. 31 prospective cohort studies involving 1,967,629 participants, 3 nested case-control studies involving 4894 participants, and 2 RCTs involving 22,268 participants were included. ILCCO, International Lung Cancer Consortium; BCAC, the Breast Cancer Association Consortium; PRACTICAL, the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome

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