Table 1 Prevalence and results from Cox regressions of any mental health outcomes (excluding developmental delay). Univariable, sociodemographic and perinatal only (Model 1) and including ACEs (Model 2)
From: Adverse childhood experiences and child mental health: an electronic birth cohort study
Any mental health diagnoses or symptoms (excluding developmental delay) (HR 95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Prevalence for those diagnosed (n = 3571) | Univariable | Social deprivation, demographic and perinatal variables | ACEs adjusted for demographic and perinatal variables |
Ever any household member with an alcohol-related hospital admission | ||||
 No | 2848 (79.8%) | 1.00 (ref) | - | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 723 (20.3%) | 1.41 (1.27–1.56) | - | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) |
Ever death of any household member | ||||
 No | ~3571 (100%) | 1.00 (ref) | - | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | <5 | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | - | 0.92 (0.67–1.27) |
Household member ever had a common mental health disorder or psychosis GP code | ||||
 No | 1232 (34.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | - | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 2339 (65.5%) | 1.74 (1.63–1.87) | - | 1.63 (1.52–1.75) |
Household member ever had a serious mental illness GP code | ||||
 No | 3478 (97.4%) | 1.00 (ref) | - | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 93 (2.6%) | 1.77 (1.30–2.41) | - | 1.35 (0.99–1.84) |
Any childhood victimisation hospital admission | ||||
 No | 3471 (97.2%) | 1.00 (ref) | - | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 100 (2.8%) | 2.40 (1.69–3.40) | - | 1.90 (1.34–2.69) |
Ever in a single parent household | ||||
 No | 2054 (57.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 1517 (42.5%) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) |
Townsend deprivation quintile at birth or in first 4 months (0.4% missing data) | ||||
 1 (least deprived) | 494 (13.8%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 2 | 590 (16.5%) | 1.18 (1.04–1.34) | 1.13 (0.99 - 1.28) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) |
 3 | 675 (18.9%) | 1.29 (1.15–1.46) | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) |
 4 | 772 (21.6%) | 1.42 (1.26–1.60) | 1.23 (1.09–1.40) | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) |
 5 (most deprived) | 1027 (28.8%) | 1.63 (1.46–1.83) | 1.32 (1.16–1.51) | 1.26 (1.11–1.43) |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 2059 (57.7%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Female | 1512 (42.3%) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.79 (0.73–0.84) | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) |
Breastfeeding at birth or 6-8 weeks (20.8% missing data) | ||||
 No | 1490 (41.7%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 1338 (37.5%) | 0.78 (0.72–0.85) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) |
Maternal age at birth or at 6-8 weeks (<5 missing) | ||||
 30–34 years | 12% | 0.84 (0.76–0.92) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) |
 ≥35 years | 23% | 0.80 (0.72–0.91) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) |
 25–29 years | 28% | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 <18 years | 3% | 1.37 (1.12–1.69) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) |
 18–24 years | 34% | 1.40 (1.28–1.53) | 1.27 (1.15–1.39) | 1.22 (1.11–1.35) |
Gestational age at birth (4.2% missing data) | ||||
 24≤28 weeks | 11 (0.3%) | 1.15 (0.60–2.22) | 1.07 (0.55–2.07) | 1.03 (0.53–1.99) |
 28≤33 weeks | 47 (1.3%) | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) | 1.09 (0.81–1.48) | 1.05 (0.74–1.43) |
 33≤37 weeks | 246 (6.9%) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43) | 1.24 (1.06–1.44) | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) |
 37–43 weeks | 3116 (87.3%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
Parity (0.2% missing data) | ||||
 0 | 1671 (46.8%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 ≥1 | 1892 (53.0%) | 0.84 (0.79–0.91) | 0.90 (0.84–0.98) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) |
Multiple births | ||||
 No | 3480 (97.5%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 91 (2.5%) | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 0.79 (0.63–1.00) | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) |
Small for gestational age (<10th centile) (4.9% missing data) | ||||
 No | 3027 (84.8%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 369 (10.3%) | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) |
Congenital anomalies | ||||
 None | 3341 (93.6%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Minor | 27 (0.8%) | 1.02 (0.68–1.53) | 0.96 (0.64–1.45) | 0.95 (0.63–1.44) |
 Major | 203 (5.7%) | 1.55 (1.34–1.80) | 1.51 (1.30–1.75) | 1.50 (1.29–1.74) |
Maternal cigarette smoking at booking in (71.3% missing data) | ||||
 No | 739 (20.7%) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
 Yes | 285 (8.0%) | 1.41 (1.08–1.84) | 1.20 (0.89–1.63) | 1.19 (0.88–1.60) |